A. Beauvais, M. Ritz, J. C. Parisot, C. Bantsimba, and . Dukhan-m, Combined ERT and GPR methods for investigating two-stepped lateritic weathering systems, Geoderma, vol.119, issue.1-2, pp.121-132, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.06.001

J. Bromley, W. M. Edmunds, E. Fellman, J. Brouwer, S. R. Gaze et al., Estimation of rainfall inputs and direct recharge to the deep unsaturated zone of southern Niger using the chloride profile method, Journal of Hydrology, vol.188, issue.189, pp.188-189, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03157-5

B. , J. P. Walker, G. R. Dighton, J. C. Monteny, and B. , Use of stable isotopes of water to determine the origin of water used by the vegetation and to partition evapotranspiration. A case study from HAPEX-Sahel, J. Hydrol, pp.188-189, 1997.

B. , A. Hiernaux, and P. , Nutrients in the West African Sudano-Sahelian zone: losses, transfers and role of external inputs, Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk, vol.161, pp.365-383, 1998.

C. , J. Jackson, R. B. Ehleringer, J. R. Mooney, H. A. Sala et al., Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale, Oecologia, vol.108, pp.583-595, 1996.

C. , B. Vieux, B. E. Peugeot, C. Maia, A. Seguis et al., Hydrologic process simulation of a semiarid, endoreic catchment in Sahelian West Niger, Africa. 2. Model calibration and uncertainty characterization, J. Hydrol, vol.279, pp.244-261, 2003.

C. , P. G. Walker, G. R. Jolly, and I. D. , Spatial variability of groundwater recharge in a semiarid region, J. Hydrol, vol.111, pp.195-212, 1989.

D. , M. Ribolzi, O. Le-troquer, and Y. , Study of infiltration in a Sahelian gully erosion area using time-lapse resistivity mapping, Catena, vol.53, pp.229-253, 2003.

D. , M. Le-troquer, and Y. , Sonde de diagraphie électrique pour la mesure de la résistivité sur la paroi d'un forage, 2004.

D. , J. Taupin, J. Lebel, T. Leduc, and C. , Hydrology of the HAPEX-Sahel Central Super Site: Surface water drainage and aquifer recharge through the pool systems, J. Hydrol, pp.188-189, 1997.

D. , J. Valentin, and C. , Land surface conditions of the Niamey region: ecological and hydrological implications, J. Hydrol, pp.188-189, 1997.

E. , W. M. Gaye, C. B. Fontes, and J. C. , A record of climatic and environmental change contained in interstitial waters from the unsaturated zone of northern Senegal, Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development. IAEA Proceedings Series, pp.533-549, 1991.

E. , F. Favreau, G. Leduc, C. Seidel, and J. , Major ion chemistry of groundwaters in the Continental Terminal water table of southwestern Niger (Africa), Appl. Geochem, vol.17, pp.1343-1349, 2002.

E. , M. Lapetite, and J. , A multi-scale approach of runoff generation in a Sahelian gully catchment: a case study in Niger, Catena, vol.50, pp.255-271, 2003.

F. , G. Leduc, C. Marlin, C. Dray, M. Taupin et al., Estimate of recharge of a rising water table in semiarid Niger from 3 H and 14 C modeling, Ground Water, vol.40, pp.144-151, 2002.

F. , G. Leduc, C. Seidel, J. Ousmane, S. D. Mariotti et al., Land clearance and nitrate-rich groundwater in a Sahelian aquifer, Niger. Int. Conf. Hydrology of Mediterranean and Semiarid Regions, pp.163-167, 2003.

F. , R. Dupré, B. Lacaux, and J. P. , Precipitation chemistry in intertropical Africa, Atmos. Environ, vol.32, pp.749-765, 1998.

G. , S. Ehrmann, M. Peugeot, and C. , Water balance in a banded vegetation pattern. A case study of tiger bush in western Niger, Catena, vol.37, pp.197-216, 1999.

G. , C. Modi, and A. I. , Precipitation chemistry in the sahelian savanna of Niger, Africa. J. Atmos. Chem, vol.30, pp.319-343, 1998.

G. , S. R. Brouwer, J. Simmonds, L. P. Bromley, and J. , Dry season water use patterns under Guiera senegalensis L. shrubs in a tropical savanna, J. Arid Environ, vol.40, pp.53-67, 1998.

G. , R. Descloitres, M. Coudrain, A. Talbi, A. Gallaire et al., Geophysical surveys for identifying saline groundwater in the semi-arid region of the central Altiplano, Bolivia. Hydrol. Process, vol.15, pp.3287-3301, 2001.

A. P. Hamblin, Filter-paper method for routine measurement of field water potential, Journal of Hydrology, vol.53, issue.3-4, pp.355-360, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(81)90011-1

L. , J. Leibundgut, C. Greenbaum, N. Schik, and A. P. , A non-calibrated rainfall-runoff model for large, arid catchments, Water Resour. Res, vol.35, pp.2161-2172, 1999.

L. , C. Schroeter, P. Bromley, and J. , Water table fluctuation and recharge in semi-arid climate: Some results of the HAPEX-Sahel hydrodynamic survey (Niger), J. Hydrol, pp.188-189, 1997.

L. , C. Favreau, G. Schroeter, and P. , Long-term rise in a Sahelian watertable: The Continental Terminal in South-West Niger, J. Hydrol, vol.243, pp.43-54, 2001.

M. Issa, O. Stal, L. J. Défarge, C. Couté, A. Trichet et al., Nitrogen fixation by microbial crusts from desiccated Sahelian soils (Niger), Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.33, issue.10, pp.1425-1428, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00046-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00089117

M. , W. Leduc, and C. , Dynamics of emptying of a temporary pond in the Sahel: The case study of Banizoumbou (southwestern Niger), C. R. Geoscience, vol.335, pp.461-468, 2003.

M. Neill and D. J. , Electromagnetic terrain conductivity measurement at low induction number. Technical note TN 6 available from Geonics Limited, 1745 Meyerside Drive, 1980.

P. , C. Esteves, M. Galle, S. Rajot, J. Vandervaere et al., Runoff generation processes: Results and analysis of field data collected at the East Central Supersite of the HAPEX-Sahel experiment, J. Hydrol, pp.188-189, 1997.

P. , C. Cappelaere, B. Vieux, B. E. Seguis, L. Maia et al., Hydrologic process simulation of a semiarid, endoreic catchment in Sahelian West Niger, Africa. 1. Model-aided data analysis and screening, J. Hydrol, vol.279, pp.224-243, 2003.

P. , J. Nachtergaele, J. Verstraeten, G. Valentin, and C. , Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs, Catena, vol.50, pp.91-133, 2003.

B. R. Scanlon, R. P. Langford, and R. S. Goldsmith, Relationship between geomorphic settings and unsaturated flow in an arid setting, Water Resources Research, vol.33, issue.4, pp.983-999, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/98WR02769

S. , L. Cappelaere, B. Milesi, G. Peugeot, C. Massuel et al., Simulated impacts of climate change and land-clearing on runoff from a small Sahelian catchement, Hydrol. Process, vol.18, pp.3401-3413, 2004.

V. , B. E. Gaur, and N. , Finite-element modeling of storm water runoff using, Grass GIS, Microcomput, Civil Engng, vol.9, issue.4, pp.263-270, 1994.

W. A. and R. J. Herbrig-c, Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger, J. Arid Environ, vol.44, pp.383-398, 2000.

W. , W. W. Sanford, and W. E. , Chemical and isotopic methods for quantifying ground-water recharge in a regional, semiarid environment, Ground Water, vol.33, pp.458-468, 1995.

A. Références-bibliographiques and T. , Détermination géologique des réservoirs du Continental Terminal à l'ouest du dallol Bosso (Niger) Mémoire de DEA, 54 p, 1988.

A. , A. Lebel, T. Amani, and A. , Invariance in the spatial structure of Sahelian rain fields at climatological scales, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.4, issue.6, pp.996-1011, 2003.

A. , A. Nguetora, and M. , Evidence d'une modification du régime hydrologique du fleuve Niger à Niamey, Proceedings of FRIEND 2002 Conference " Regional Hydrology: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Practice, Proceedings " , Cape Town, pp.449-456, 2002.

A. , I. Liegeois, J. Pouclet, and A. , Évolution d'un arc insulaire océanique birimien précoce au Liptako nigérien (Sirba) : géologie, géochronologie et géochimie, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.22, pp.235-254, 1996.

D. , N. Lebel, and T. , On the characteristics of the rainfall events in the Sahel with a view to the analysis of climatic variability, Int. J. Climatol, vol.18, issue.9, pp.955-974, 1998.

A. , N. N. Adams, and R. D. , Seismicity of West Africa, Ann. Geophys, vol.4, issue.6, pp.679-702, 1986.

C. J. Barnes and G. B. Allison, The distribution of deuterium and 18O in dry soils, Journal of Hydrology, vol.60, issue.1-4, pp.141-156, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(83)90018-5

B. , G. Sivapalan, and M. , Scale issues in hydrological modelling: A review, Hydrological Processes, vol.9, pp.251-290, 1995.

B. , H. Diekkrüger, B. Renschler, C. Richter, and O. , Regionalization scheme for simulation of regional water balances using a physically based model system, Phys. Chem. Earth (B), vol.24, issue.12, pp.43-48, 1999.

J. Bromley, W. M. Edmunds, E. Fellman, J. Brouwer, S. R. Gaze et al., Estimation of rainfall inputs and direct recharge to the deep unsaturated zone of southern Niger using the chloride profile method, Journal of Hydrology, vol.188, issue.189, pp.188-189, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03157-5

M. E. Buisson, Analyse hydrologique d'un paysage sahélien (région de Niamey, Niger) -utilisation d'un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) Mémoire de maîtrise, 2000.

C. , B. #_outils_grass_, C. , B. Peugeot, C. Maia et al., Associer données et modèle incertains: une expérience en petit bassin sahélien, Hydrology of the Mediterranean and Semiarid Regions, pp.151-156, 2001.

C. , B. Vieux, B. E. Peugeot, C. Maia, A. Seguis et al., Hydrologic process simulation of a semiarid, endoreic catchment in Sahelian West Niger, Africa. 2. Model calibration and uncertainty characterization, Journal of Hydrology, vol.279, pp.244-261, 2003.

C. , A. Valentin, and C. , Les états de surface de la zone sahélienne. Influences sur l'infiltration, Éditions ORSTOM, 1989.

C. , A. Valentin, and C. , A runoff capability classification system based on surface features criteria in semiarid areas of West Africa, Journal of Hydrology, vol.130, pp.231-249, 1992.

C. , T. N. Knaff, J. A. Pielke, R. A. Kalnay, and E. , Changes in global monsoon circulations since, 1950.

C. , A. Barbey, P. Lama, C. Pons, J. Zimmermann et al., Âge de refroidissement de la croûte juvénile birimienne d'Afrique de l'Ouest, Données U/Pb et K?Ar sur les formations à 2,1 Ga du SW du Niger, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. II 319, pp.435-442, 1994.

C. , D. B. Taylor, C. M. Thorpe, and A. J. , Feedback between the land surface and rainfall at convective length scales, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.5, issue.4, pp.625-639, 2004.

C. , A. Pratx, B. Talbi, A. Jusserand, and C. , L'évaporation des nappes phréatiques sous climat aride est-elle indépendante de la nature du sol ?, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris ZZ a, vol.326, pp.159-165, 1998.

C. , D. D-'herbes, J. M. Valentin, and C. , Le bassin versant de Sama Dey, Premières observations pédologiques et phytoécologiques. Programme HAPEX- SAHEL. Rapport ORSTOM, 1990.

C. , D. D-'herbes, J. M. Valentin, C. , R. et al., Physical measurements and signatures in remote sensing. International Colloquium. Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, pp.601-604, 1991.

C. , P. Lejeune, and O. , Periodic spotted patterns in semi-arid vegetation explained by a propagation-inhibition model, Journal of Ecology, vol.89, issue.4, pp.616-628, 2001.

D. , M. Ribolzi, O. Le-troquer, and Y. , Study of infiltration in a Sahelian gully erosion area using time-lapse resistivity mapping. Catena 53, pp.229-253, 2003.

D. , J. C. Galle, S. Leduc, C. Peugeot, and C. , Les processus de redistribution des eaux en région sahélienne: l'hydrologie dans l'expérience Hapex- Sahel, No 238) -11. Journées Hydrologiques de l'ORSTOM : Conférence de Paris, pp.2-04, 1995.

D. , J. C. Taupin, J. D. Lebel, T. Leduc, and C. , Hydrology of the HAPEX-Sahel Central Super-Site: surface water drainage and aquifer recharge through the pool systems, Journal of Hydrology, pp.188-189, 1997.

D. , B. Ledoux, E. De-marsily, and G. , Palaeohydrogeology of the Senegal sedimentary basin: a tentative explanation of the piezometric depressions, Journal of Hydrology, vol.118, pp.1-4, 1990.

D. , D. Pons, J. Prost, and A. E. , Mise en place de plutons et caractérisation de la déformation birimienne au Niger occidental, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. II, vol.312, pp.769-776, 1991.

E. , F. Favreau, G. Leduc, C. Seidel, and J. , Major ion chemistry of groundwaters in the Continental Terminal water table of southwestern Niger (Africa), Appl. Geochem, vol.17, pp.1343-1349, 2002.

E. , D. Cappelaere, B. Faure, and C. , Automatic versus manual model differentiation to compute sensitivities and solve non-linear inverse problems, Computers & Geosciences, vol.28, issue.3, pp.309-326, 2002.

E. , M. Gualde, R. Lapetite, and J. M. , Bassins versants expérimentaux. Rapport des campagnes hydrologiques, Rapport ORSTOM, vol.42, 1991.

E. , M. Faucher, X. Galle, S. Vauclin, and M. , Overland flow and infiltration modelling for small plots during unsteady rain: numerical results versus observed values, Journal of Hydrology, vol.228, pp.3-4, 2000.

F. , G. Leduc, C. Marlin, and C. , Représentativité de l'échantillonnage géochimique et hydrodynamique en nappe libre de milieu semi-aride, Journal of African Earth Sciences, pp.31-669, 2000.

F. , G. Leduc, C. Marlin, C. Dray, M. Taupin et al., Estimate of recharge of a rising water table in semiarid Niger from H-3 and C-14 modeling Ground Water, pp.144-151, 2002.

F. , G. Leduc, C. Marlin, C. Guero, and A. , Une dépression piézométrique naturelle en hausse au Sahel (Sud-Ouest du Niger). A rising piezometric depression in the Sahel (southwestern Niger), Comptes Rendus Geosciences, vol.334, issue.6, pp.395-401, 2002.

F. , G. Leduc, C. Schroeter, and P. Leduc, Reply on " Long-term rise in a Sahelian water-table: The Continental Terminal in South-West Niger, Journal of Hydrology, vol.255, pp.263-265, 2001.

F. , G. Leduc, C. Seidel, J. Ousmane, S. D. Mariotti et al., Land clearance and nitrate-rich groundwater in a Sahelian aquifer, Niger. Int. Conf. Hydrology of Mediterranean and Semiarid Regions, pp.163-173, 2003.

F. , J. G. Scarmana, and G. , Dem generation by enhancing the resolution of remotely sensed digital imagery. Proceedings of the Open source GIS -GRASS users conference, pp.11-13, 2002.

G. , S. Ehrmann, M. Peugeot, and C. , Water balance in a banded vegetation pattern: A case study of tiger bush in western Niger, pp.197-216, 1999.

G. , H. Moufouma-okia, W. Bechtold, P. Brasseur, O. Dupays et al., A high-resolution simulation of a West African rainy season using a regional climate model, Art. No. D05108, 2004.

G. , A. Saravanan, R. Chang, and P. , Oceanic forcing of Sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales, Science, vol.302, issue.5647, pp.1027-1030, 2003.

G. , J. P. Lebel, T. Dolman, A. J. Gash, J. H. Kabat et al., An overview of HAPEX-Sahel: a study in climate and desertification, Journal of Hydrology, pp.188-189, 1997.

G. , J. Pougnet, and R. , Notice explicative sur la carte géologique de la République du Niger à l'échelle du 1 : 2 000 000. Ministère des Travaux publics, des Transports, des Mines et de l, 1967.

G. , J. Bernert, and G. , Atlas des eaux Souterraines de la république du Niger, État des connaissances. Rapport BRGM, pp.79-79, 1979.

G. , J. P. Nicholson, and S. E. , A study of dynamic factors influencing the rainfall variability in the West African Sahel, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.7, pp.1337-1359, 2001.

G. , R. Alidou, and A. , La faille de Kandi (Bénin), témoin du rejeu fini-crétacé d'un accident majeur a l'échelle de la plaque africaine, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol.293, pp.779-782, 1981.

G. , A. Bronstert, and A. , Representation of landscape variability and lateral redistribution processes for large-scale hydrological modelling in semi-arid areas, Journal of Hydrology, vol.297, pp.1-4, 2004.

D. , J. M. Valentin, and C. , Land surface conditions of the Niamey region; ecological and hydrological implications, Journal of Hydrology, vol.188189, issue.14, pp.18-42, 1997.

H. and G. B. Pebesma-e, Spatial aggregation and soil process modelling, Geoderma, vol.89, pp.47-65, 1999.

L. , Y. Mahe, and G. , Afrique de l'ouest et centrale: carte des précipitations moyennes annuelles, 1954.

L. , Y. Mahe, G. Some, B. Triboulet, and J. P. , Analysis of a Sahelian annual rainfall index from 1896 to 2000, the drought continues, Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, issue.4, pp.47-563, 2002.

H. , Y. Bárdossy, and A. , Modeling of the effect of land use changes on the runoff generation of a river basin through parameter regionalization of a watershed model, Journal of Hydrology, vol.292, pp.281-295, 2004.

K. , D. Fox, D. M. Daroussin, J. Le-bissonnais, Y. Danneels et al., Upscaling a simple erosion model from small areas to a large region, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol.50, pp.143-149, 1998.

K. , M. Guiraud, M. Lang, J. Yahaya, and M. , Sedimentation in the Kandi extensional basin (Benin and Niger): fluvial and marine deposits related to the Late Ordovician deglaciation in West Africa, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.36, pp.185-206, 2003.

L. , J. Leibundgut, C. Greenbaum, N. Schick, and A. P. , A noncalibrated rainfall-runoff model for large, arid catchments, Water Resources Research, vol.35, issue.7, pp.2161-2172, 1999.

L. , H. D-'amato, and N. Lebel-t, How important is the contribution of the Mesoscale Convective Complexes to the Sahelian rainfall? Phys, Chem. Earth, vol.23, pp.629-633, 1998.

L. , L. Lebel, T. Tapsoba, and D. , Rainfall variability in West Africa during the years 1950-90, Journal of Climate, vol.15, issue.2, pp.187-202, 2002.

L. , T. Sauvageot, H. Hoepffner, M. Desbois, M. Guillot et al., Sahelian Rainfall Estimation: The EPSAT-Niger Experiment, Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, pp.37-201, 1992.

L. , T. , L. Barbe, and L. , Rainfall monitoring during HAPEX-Sahel .2. Point and areal estimation at the event and seasonal scales, Journal of Hydrology, vol.189, pp.1-4, 1997.

L. , T. Diedhiou, A. Laurent, and H. , Seasonal cycle and interannual variability of the Sahelian rainfall at hydrological scales, Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres, vol.108, issue.D8, 2003.

L. , C. Lenoir, and F. , Étude de la recharge de la nappe du Continental Terminal 3 en rive gauche du NigerHydrologie et météorologie de méso-échelle dans Hapex-Sahel, dispositif de mesures au sol et premiers résultats, ORSTOM éd, pp.115-159, 1995.

L. , C. Taupin, J. D. Le-gal-la-salle, and C. , Estimation de la recharge de la nappe phréatique du Continental Terminal (Niamey, Niger) à partir des teneurs en tritium, Comptes Rendus Geosciences, vol.323, pp.599-605, 1996.

L. , C. Bromley, J. Schroeter, and P. , Water table fluctuation and recharge in semi-arid climate: some results of the HAPEX-Sahel hydrodynamic survey (Niger), Journal of Hydrology, pp.188-189, 1997.

L. , C. Loireau, and M. , Fluctuations piézométriques et évolution du couvert végétal en zone sahélienne (sud-ouest du Niger). in: " Sustainability of water resources under increasing uncertainty, pp.193-200, 1997.

L. , C. Taupin, and J. D. , Hydrochimie et recharge de la nappe phréatique du Continental Terminal, Hydrochemistry, vol.244, pp.235-243, 1997.

L. , C. Favreau, G. Schroeter, and P. , Long-term rise in a sahelian watertable: the Continental Terminal in South-West Niger, Journal of Hydrology, vol.243, issue.12, pp.43-54, 2001.

L. Gal, L. Salle, and C. , Circulation des eaux souterraines dans l'aquifère captif du Continental Terminal, bassin des Iullemeden, Niger. Méthodologie et application : isotopes stables de la molécule d'eau, carbone-14, chlore-36, uranium et gaz nobles, Thèse sciences, 1994.

L. Gal, L. Salle, C. Fontes, J. C. Andrews, J. N. Schroeter et al., Old groundwater circulation in the Iullemeden basin (Niger): preliminary results of an isotopic studyApplication of tracers in arid zone hydrology, Vienna symposium, pp.129-139, 1994.

L. Gal, L. Salle, C. , M. C. , L. C. et al., Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (H-3, C-14) in an unconfined aquifer in a semi-arid area, Iullemeden Basin, Niger, Journal of Hydrology, vol.254, pp.1-4, 2001.

L. , J. Perrier, E. Rajot, and J. L. , Biological macropores effect on runoff and infiltration: a combined experimental and modelling approach, Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, vol.104, issue.2, pp.277-285, 2004.

M. , G. Leduc, C. Amani, A. Paturel, J. E. Girard et al., Augmentation récente du ruissellement de surface en région soudano-sahélienne et impact sur les ressources en eau In : Hydrology of Mediterranean and semiarid regions, pp.215-222, 2003.

M. , G. Paturel, J. Servat, E. Conway, D. Dezetter et al., The impact of land use change on soil water holding capacity and river flow modelling in the Nakambe River, Burkina-Faso, Journal of Hydrology, vol.300, pp.33-43, 2005.

M. , J. P. Ninerola, D. Bateman, A. Navarro, A. Velasco et al., Runoff and sediment transport in a torrential ephemeral stream of the Mediterranean coast, Journal of Hydrology, vol.225, pp.3-4118, 1999.

M. , W. Leduc, and C. , Dynamiques de vidange d'une mare temporaire au Sahel : l'exemple de Banizoumbou (Sud-Ouest du Niger) Dynamics of emptying of a temporary pond in the Sahel, 2003.

M. , S. Seguis, L. Niel, H. Cappelaere, B. Delclaux et al., Development of a catchment classification in semi-arid Niger: a help for a water resource estimate. EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, pp.3-04146, 2003.

M. , S. Seguis, L. Niel, H. Cappelaere, B. Delclaux et al., Typologie de petits bassins versants sahéliens en vue de la modélisation du ruissellement In : Hydrology of Mediterranean and semiarid regions, pp.157-162, 2003.

M. , S. Favreau, G. Descloitres, M. Letroquer, Y. Albouy et al., Deep infiltration through a sandy alluvial fan in semiarid Niger: evidence using electrical resistivity survey, vadose zone chemistry and hydrological modelling, Catena, 2005.

M. , S. Cappelaere, B. Seguis, and L. , Upscaling a small-catchment model for surface water regionalization in Sahelian endoreic landscape, J. Hydrol, 2005.

M. , V. Diedhiou, A. Laurent, and H. , Relationship between easterly waves and mesoscale convective systems over the Sahel, Geophysical Research Letters, issue.8, p.29, 2001.

M. , V. Laurent, H. Lebel, and T. , Mesoscale convective system rainfall in the Sahel, Journal of Applied Meteorology, issue.11, pp.41-1081, 2002.

M. , M. G. Harbaugh, and A. W. , A modular three-dimensional fïnitedifference ground-water flow model, USGS, book 6 modeling techniques, 1988.

M. , C. Gallée, H. Brasseur, O. Cappelaere, B. Peugeot et al., Importance of temporal rain disagregation of an atmospheric model precipitation field to force a hydrologic model applied over a Sahelian watershed, European Geosciences Union-Geophysical Research Abstracts, vol.7, pp.5-08538, 2005.

M. , J. D. Shuttleworth, and W. J. , Executive summary of the Tucson aggregation workshop, Journal of Hydrology, vol.190, pp.176-181, 1997.

N. , S. E. Some, B. Kone, and B. , An analysis of recent rainfall conditions in West Africa, including the rainy seasons of the 1997 El Nino and the 1998 La Nina years, Journal of Climate, vol.13, issue.14, pp.2628-2640, 2000.

A. J. Parsons, J. Wainwright, S. A. Abraham, and J. R. Simanton, Distributed dynamic modelling of interrill overland flow, Hydrological Processes, vol.30, issue.14, pp.1833-1859, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199711)11:14<1833::AID-HYP499>3.0.CO;2-7

P. , C. Estèves, M. Galle, S. Rajot, J. Vandervaere et al., Runoff generation processes: Results and analysis of field data collected at the East Central Supersite of the HAPEX-Sahel experiment, Journal of Hydrology, pp.188-189, 1997.

P. , C. Cappelaere, B. Vieux, B. E. Seguis, L. Maia et al., Hydrologic process simulation of a semiarid, endoreic catchment in Sahelian West Niger, Africa. 1. Model-aided data analysis and screening, Journal of Hydrology, vol.279, pp.224-243, 2003.

R. , J. C. Thorsen, M. Jensen, J. B. Kleeschulte, S. Hansen et al., Large scale modelling of groundwater contamination from nitrate leaching, Journal of Hydrology, vol.221, pp.117-140, 1999.

R. , R. Lafore, J. P. Piriou, C. Redelsperger, and J. L. , Extratropical dry-air intrusions into the West African monsoon midtroposphere: An important factor for the convective activity over the Sahel, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.62, issue.2, pp.390-407, 2005.

R. , J. W. Haas, R. H. Schell, J. A. Deering, D. W. et al., Monitoring the vernal advancement of retrogradation of natural vegetation. Final report type iii, 1974.

S. , G. M. Beven, K. Obled, and C. , Digital elevation analysis for distributed hydrological modelling: Reducing scale dependence in effective hydraulic conductivity values, Water Resources Research, vol.33, issue.9, pp.2097-2101, 1997.

B. R. Scanlon, . P. Langford-r, and . S. Goldsmith-r, Relationship between geomorphic settings and unsaturated flow in an arid setting, Water Resources Research, vol.33, issue.4, pp.983-1000, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/98WR02769

S. , L. Cappelaere, B. Peugeot, C. Vieux, and B. , Impact on Sahelian runoff of stochastic and elevation-induced spatial distributions of soil parameters, Hydrological Processes, vol.16, issue.2, pp.313-332, 2002.

S. , L. Cappelaere, B. Milesi, G. Peugeot, C. Massuel et al., Simulated impacts of climate change and land-clearing on runoff from a small Sahelian catchment, Hydrological Processes 18, pp.3401-3413, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-00187211

S. , P. J. Heiser, M. D. Hall, F. G. Verma, S. B. Desjardins et al., The impact of using area-averaged land surface properties ? topography, vegetation condition, soil wetness ? in calculations of intermediate scale (approx. 10 km²) surface-atmosphere heat and moisture fluxes, Journal of Hydrology, vol.190, pp.3-4, 1997.

S. , E. Najem, W. Leduc, C. Shakeel, and A. , Hydrology of Mediterranean and semiarid regions, Publ. IAHS, vol.278, issue.498, 2003.

S. , A. Henry, P. Rossy, M. Affaton, and P. , Geochemical and isotopic (Sm?Nd, U?Pb) study on the Diagorou-Darbani Birimian crust (Liptako, Niger, West Africa): oceanic plateau versus arc magmatism, EUG XI, pp.8-12, 2001.

S. , A. Henry, P. Rossy, and M. , Contexte de mise en place des roches basiques de la ceinture de roches vertes birimienne de Diagorou-Darbani (Liptako, Niger, Afrique de l'Ouest) : plateau océanique ou environnement d'arc/bassin arrièrearc océanique, Comptes Rendus Geosciences, vol.336, pp.1137-1147, 2004.

S. , B. Janicot, and S. , Digital Elevation Models The West African monsoon dynamics. Part II: The "preonset" and "onset" of the summer monsoon, SRTM Journal of Climate, vol.16, issue.21, pp.3407-3427, 2003.

S. , B. Janicot, B. Diedhiou, and A. , The West African monsoon dynamics. Part I: Documentation of intraseasonal variability, Journal of Climate, vol.16, issue.21, pp.3389-3406, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00155510

T. , G. Kavvas, and M. L. , Area averaged overland flow equations at hillslope scale, Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, vol.43, issue.3, pp.361-378, 1998.

T. C. Lambin-e, . Stephenne-n, . J. Harding-r, and . L. Essery-r, The influence of land use change on climate in the Sahel, Journal of Climate, issue.24, pp.15-3615, 2002.

T. , P. J. Walker, G. R. Woods, and P. H. , Comparison of diffuse discharge from shallow water tables in soils and salt flats, J. Hydrol, vol.136, pp.253-274, 1992.

V. , C. D-'herbes, and J. M. , Niger tiger bush as a natural water harvesting system, Catena, vol.37, issue.12, pp.231-256, 1999.

C. Valentin, D. Herbes, J. M. Poesen, and J. , Soil and water components of banded vegetation patterns, CATENA, vol.37, issue.1-2, pp.1-24, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00053-3

V. , C. Rajot, J. L. Mitja, and D. , Responses of soil crusting, runoff and erosion to fallowing in the sub-humid and semi-arid regions of West Africa, Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, vol.104, issue.2, pp.287-302, 2004.

V. , B. E. Gaur, and N. , Finite-element modeling of storm water runoff using, Grass GIS. Microcomput. Civil Engng, vol.9, issue.4, pp.263-270, 1994.

N. R. Viney and M. Sivapalan, A framework for scaling of hydrologic conceptualizations based on a disaggregation-aggregation approach. Hydrological Processes 18, pp.1395-1408, 2004.

V. , T. Massuel, S. Peugeot, C. Cappelaere, B. Lebel et al., Impact de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la pluie sur la réponse des systèmes hydrologiques sahéliens, Troisième conférence COPROMAPH (COntemporary PROblems in MAthematical PHysics, pp.3-7, 2003.

V. , T. Lebel, T. Massuel, and S. , Potential climate changes and their impacts on the response of an endoreic hydrological landscape in the Dantiandou Kori, EGU General Assembly, pp.11-12, 2005.

V. , E. K. Cook, and K. H. , Development and application of a mesoscale climate model for the tropics: influence of sea surface temperature anomalies on the West African monsoon, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, vol.107, issue.D3 4023, 2002.

W. , A. Osbahr, H. Batterbury, S. Chappell, and A. , Indigenous views of soil erosion at Fandou Beri, southwestern Niger, Geoderma, vol.111, pp.3-4, 2003.

W. Hydrogeologic, Visual MODFLOW version 2.8.1, 1999.

W. , X. H. Gomez-hernandez, and J. J. , Upscaling hydraulic conductivities in heterogeneous porous media: an overview, Journal of Hydrology, vol.183, pp.ix-xxxii, 1996.

W. , A. W. Grayson, R. B. Blöschl, G. Willgoose, G. R. Mcmahon et al., Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices, Water Resources Research, vol.35, issue.3, pp.797-810, 1999.

W. , D. A. Smith, R. E. Giraldez, and J. V. , Effects of spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on Hortonian overland flow, Water Resources Research, vol.32, issue.3, pp.671-678, 1996.

Y. , W. Bates, B. C. Viney, N. R. Sivapalan, M. Jakeman et al., Performance of conceptual rainfall-runoff models in low-yielding ephemeral catchments, Water Resources Research, vol.33, issue.1, p.153, 1997.

Z. , J. Mohanty, and B. P. , Upscaling of soil hydraulic properties for steady state evaporation and infiltration, Water Resources Research, vol.38, issue.13, pp.1178-1195, 2002.