L. '`-ere-archéozo¨archéozo¨?que-est-celle-de-la-vie-primitive, Elle s'´ etale de la formation du globe, il y a 4,6 milliards d'années, ` a -570 millions d'années, et est le témoin despremì eres traces de vie, sous la forme de bactéries associéesassociéesà des algues bleues, et de l'apparition de la photosynthèse ainsi que de son sousproduit , l'oxygène, qui va amener une profonde modification de l'atmosphère primitive

. Le-gisement-norvégien-de-troll and . Nordégalementnordégalement, est classé dans les super-géants. Sa production annuelle est de 20×10 9 m 3 et peut durer 60 ans. En Indonésie, les champs de Tambora et de Tunu produisent annuellement 2, 9×10 9 m 3 . Pour dégager les grandes tendances, nous allons appliquer nos réflexions au cas de Mallik 2L-38 et, plus précisément

. Nousétudionsnousétudions-un-m, 95 MJ, soit un total de 25,88 MJ. Par conséquent, dans le cas de Mallik 2L-38, la chaleur sensible du réservoir n'est pas suffisante pour permettre une dissociation totale des hydrates sans formation de glace. Comme ces 25,88 MJ représentent 34,98% de l'´ energie nécessairè a la dissociation totale des hydrates, seule cette proportion sera dissociée. Cela correspondàcorrespondà la dissociation de 61,1 kg. La quantité d'hydratè a la fin de cette dépressurisation quasi-adiabatique sera donc de 113, MJ, vol.3, issue.2, pp.43-62

. Le-reste-de-la, Dans ce cas, pour atteindre la différence entre la chaleur absorbée par la dissociation des hydrates et la chaleur sensible libérée par le milieu environnant, soit 48,11 MJ, il faut une durée de 28 ans. En d'autres termes, il faut 28 ans pour dissocier les 113,6 kg d'hydrates résiduels contenus dans un m` etre cube de sédiment. Sachant qu'un kilogramme d'hydrates renferme 0,1834 m 3 de gaz dans les conditions STP, la production annuelle durant cettedeuxì emé etape estégalè estégalè a 0,7511 m 3 de gaz par m` etre carré. Pour un champ de 10 km 2 , la production annuelle est donc de 7,511×10 6 m 3 de gaz. En réalité, l'´ energie provient du centre de la terre par conduction mais il faut ajouter la contribution des sédiments autour de la couche d'hydrates

E. En-supposant-négligeables-les-transferts-de-masse-dans-la-secondé-etape and . Permet, 511×10 6 m 3 de gaz. A titre de comparaison, la production annuelle de Messoyakah imputable aux hydrates est de l'ordre de 6×10 6 m 3 [8] Cette capacité de production estàestà moduler par deux effets contradictoires. D'une part, le flux de chaleur est en réalité plus important car la baisse de température du sédiment environnant (par conduction) libère uné energie additionnelle quiaccéì ere la dissociation des hydrates. Uné etude numérique sur un logiciel commercial (Femlab par exemple) donnerait sans doute un ordre de grandeur réaliste. D'autre part, les transferts de masse peuvent devenir limitants

. Un-modèle-prédictif, u les paramètres sont contrôlés (population monodisperse de billes sphériques en arrangement ordonné il est sans doute possible de simuler l'´ ecoulement d'un fluide en résolvant l'´ equation de Navier-StokesàStokesà l'aide d'ordinateurs puissants mais l'intérêt scientifique est bien faible puisqu'aucun phénomène nouveau n'estétudiéestétudié. L'intérêt pratique n'est pas beaucoup plusélevéplusélevé car les milieux poreux réels s'´ ecartent considérablement de ces cas d'espèce puisque de nombreux facteurs, comme la distribution en taille des grains, la topologie du milieu poreux, la morphologie des cristaux ou bien encore leur quantité, ont une influence certaine sur la perméabilité, En fin de compte, il nous semble qu'une approche statistique, réalisée en traitant un grand nombre d'expériences sur des milieux réels bien documentés est un pis-aller raisonnable et peut constituer un point de départ intéressant du point de vue pratique en conduisantàconduisantà des corrélations dont le domaine de validité sera suffisammentétendusuffisammentétendu pour les applications visées

L. Etude, interaction entre deux particules d'hydrate ou bien entre une particule d'hydrate et undeuxì eme corps (particule de glace ou grain de sédiment) offre des possibililités de prolongement dans l'´ etude du phénomène d'agglomération et de sa cinétique. Le calcul rendu possible de la constante de Hamaker permettra sans doute de mieux prédire le comportement de cristaux d'hydrates en suspension. Cela peut aussi bienêtrebienêtre au repos (formation d'un bouchon dans un pipelinè a l'arrêt) qu'en présence d'unécoulementunécoulement (rhéologie d'un slurry d'hydrates)

C. Annexe and . Données, Cette phase est enéquilibreenéquilibre avec la phase gazeuse pour les pressions inférieuresinférieuresà la pression P eq d'´ equilibre des hydrates (´ equation 1.1 en page 9) et avec la phase hydrate dans le cas contraire. Les deuxpremì eres données sont expérimentales [52]. Le nombre d'hydratation est calculé en utilisant les constantes de Langmuir données par Munck (tableau 1.13 en page 17) et la fugacité expérimentale [52]. La solubilité dans le domaine LV est calculéè a parir de la constante de Henry d'après Sloan (´ equation 1.15 en page 26) modifiée en ce qui concerne H 3 et d'un terme de Poynting avec un volume molaire partiel du méthane dans l'eau calculé selon l'´ equation 1.14 en page 25. Dans le domaine LH, la solubilité est calculée en intégrant l'´ equation 1.16 (page 27) entre P eq et P et en prenant, pour la solubilitésolubilitéà P eq , la valeur calculée dans le domaine HV pour (P eq ,T ) Les volumes V e

D. Annexe and . Données-récapitulatives-pour-le-dioxyde-de-carbone-chaque-case-contient, hydratation n et la fraction molaire x de gaz dissous dans la phase liquide Cette phase est enéquilibreenéquilibre avec la phase gazeuse pour les pressions inférieuresinférieuresà la pression P eq d'´ equilibre des hydrates (´ equation 1.1 en page 9) et avec la phase hydrate dans le cas contraire. Les deuxpremì eres données découlent de l'utilisation de l'´ equation d'´ etat de Soave-Redlich-Kwong. Le nombre d'hydratation est calculé en utilisant les constantes de Langmuir données par Munck (tableau 1.13 en page 17) et la fugacité calculée selon l'´ equation d'´ etat de Soave-Redlich-Kwong, La solubilité dans le domaine LV est calculéè a parir du modèle de Duan & Sun en page 23. Dans le domaine LH, la solubilité est calculée en intégrant l'´ equation 1.16

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