R. J. Adams and T. D. Pollard, Binding of myosin I to membrane lipids, Nature, vol.340, issue.6234, pp.565-568, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/340565a0

G. Albrecht-buehler, Role of cortical tension in fibroblast shape and movement, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol.231, issue.1, pp.54-67, 1987.
DOI : 10.1002/cm.970070108

G. Albrecht-buelher, Autonomous movements of cytoplasmic fragments., Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA, pp.6639-6643, 1980.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.77.11.6639

J. Alcaraz, Microrheology of Human Lung Epithelial Cells Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy, Biophysical Journal, vol.84, issue.3, pp.2071-2079, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)75014-0

F. Amblard, Subdiffusion and Anomalous Local Viscoelasticity in Actin Networks, Physical Review Letters, vol.77, issue.21, pp.77-4470, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4470

S. An, Stiffness changes in cultured airway smooth muscle cells, AJP: Cell Physiology, vol.283, issue.3, pp.792-801, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00425.2001

A. Ashkin, Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers, PNAS, vol.13, issue.10, pp.944853-60, 1997.

A. Ashkin, The study of cells by optical trapping and manipulation of living cells using infrared laser beams, ASGSB Bull, vol.4, issue.2, pp.133-179, 1991.

M. Balland, A. Richert, and F. Gallet, The dissipative contribution of myosin II in the cytoskeleton dynamics of myoblasts, European Biophysics Journal, vol.78, issue.198101, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00249-004-0447-7

J. R. Bamburg, Proteins of the ADF/Cofilin Family: Essential Regulators of Actin Dynamics, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.185-230, 1999.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.185

J. R. Bamburg, A. Mcgough, and S. Ono, Putting a new twist on actin: ADF/cofilins modulate actin dynamics, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.9, issue.9, pp.364-370, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0962-8924(99)01619-0

A. Bausch, Local Measurements of Viscoelastic Parameters of Adherent Cell Surfaces by Magnetic Bead Microrheometry, Biophysical Journal, vol.75, issue.4, pp.2038-2049, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77646-5

A. R. Bausch, Measurement of Local Viscoelasticity and Forces in Living Cells by Magnetic Tweezers, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.1, pp.573-579, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77225-5

A. R. Bausch, Rapid Stiffening of Integrin Receptor-Actin Linkages in Endothelial Cells Stimulated with Thrombin: A Magnetic Bead Microrheology Study, Biophysical Journal, vol.80, issue.6, pp.2649-57, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)76234-0

M. Beil, Sphingosylphosphorylcholine regulates keratin network architecture and visco-elastic properties of human cancer cells, Nature Cell Biology, vol.5, issue.9, pp.803-811, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/ncb1037

L. Belmont, T. Mitchison, and H. W. Deacon, Catastrophic revelations about Op18/stathmin, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.21, issue.6, pp.197-198, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0004(96)80013-2

A. D. Bershadsky, N. Q. Balaban, and G. Geiger, Adhesion-Dependent Cell Mechanosensitivity, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol.19, issue.1, pp.677-695, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.153011

A. Blanchard, V. Ohanian, and D. Critchley, The structure and function of ??-actinin, Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, vol.28, issue.4, pp.280-289, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01758424

J. P. Butler, Traction fields, moments, and strain energy that cells exert on their surroundings, AJP: Cell Physiology, vol.282, issue.3, pp.595-605, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00270.2001

A. Caspi, R. Granek, and M. Elbaum, Enhanced Diffusion in Active Intracellular Transport, Physical Review Letters, vol.85, issue.26, pp.5655-5663, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5655

C. S. Chen, Cell shape provides global control of focal adhesion assembly, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.307, issue.2, pp.355-361, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)01165-3

J. Chen, Twisting integrin receptors increases endothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells, Am. J. Physiol. Cell, vol.280, issue.6, pp.1475-84, 2001.

M. E. Chicurel, Integrin binding and mechanical tension induce movement of mRNA and ribosomes to focal adhesions, Nature, vol.16392, issue.6677, pp.730-733, 1998.

D. Choquet, D. P. Felsenfeld, and M. P. Sheetz, Extracellular Matrix Rigidity Causes Strengthening of Integrin???Cytoskeleton Linkages, Cell, vol.88, issue.1, pp.39-48, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81856-5

R. Cooke, The mechanism of muscle contraction, CRC Critical Review of Biochemistery, vol.21, pp.53-118, 1986.

G. Couarraze and J. L. Grossiord, Initiation à la Rhéologie, Lavoisier Tech. et Doc, 2000.

M. F. Coughlin and D. Stamenovic, A Prestressed Cable Network Model of the Adherent Cell Cytoskeleton, Biophysical Journal, vol.84, issue.2, pp.1328-1336, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74948-0

J. C. Crocker, Two-Point Microrheology of Inhomogeneous Soft Materials, Physical Review Letters, vol.85, issue.4, pp.888-891, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.888

K. N. Dahl, The nuclear envelope lamina network has elasticity and a compressibility limit suggestive of a molecular shock absorber, Journal of Cell Science, vol.117, issue.20, pp.4779-4786, 2004.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.01357

B. A. Danowski, Costameres are sites of force transmission to the substratum in adult rat cardiomyocytes, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.118, issue.6, pp.1411-1420, 1992.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.118.6.1411

H. Delanoë-ayari, Membrane and acto-myosin tension promote clustering of adhesion proteins, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.278, issue.5, pp.2229-2234, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/35074532

N. Desprat, Creep Function of a Single Living Cell, Biophysical Journal, vol.88, issue.3, pp.2224-2257, 2004.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.050278

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00005354

M. A. Dichtl and E. Sackmann, Microrheometry of semiflexible actin networks through enforced single-filament reptation: Frictional coupling and heterogeneities in entangled networks, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.61, issue.4, pp.6533-6541, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s002490100135

C. Dong, R. Skalak, and K. L. Sung, Cytoplasmic rheology of passive neutrophils, Biorheology, vol.28, pp.557-567, 1991.

D. N. Drechsel, Modulation of the dynamic instability of tubulin assembly by the microtubule-associated protein tau., Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.3, issue.10, pp.1141-1154, 1992.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.3.10.1141

E. A. Evans and . Membrane-viscoelasticity, Membrane viscoelasticity, Biophysical Journal, vol.16, issue.1, pp.1-11, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85658-5

E. A. Evans and A. Yeung, Apparent viscosity and cortical tension of blood granulocytes determined by micropipet aspiration, Biophysical Journal, vol.56, issue.1, pp.151-160, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82660-8

B. Fabry, Scaling the Microrheology of Living Cells, Physical Review Letters, vol.87, issue.14, pp.148102-148103, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.148102

B. Fabry, Selected contribution: time course and heterogeneity of contractile responses in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.91, pp.964-994, 2001.

B. Fabry, Remodeling of airway smooth muscle cell : are we built of glass? Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, pp.109-124, 2003.

B. Fabry, Time scale and other invariants of integrative mechanical behavior in living cells, Physical Review E, vol.68, issue.4, pp.419141-419158, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.68.041914

E. Farge, Mechanical Induction of Twist in the Drosophila Foregut/Stomodeal Primordium, Current Biology, vol.13, issue.16, pp.1365-1377, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00576-1

S. Felder and E. L. Elson, Mechanics of fibroblast locomotion: quantitative analysis of forces and motions at the leading lamellas of fibroblasts, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.111, issue.6, pp.2513-2536, 1990.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.111.6.2513

E. Fuchs and K. Weber, Intermediate Filaments: Structure, Dynamics, Function and Disease, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol.63, issue.1, pp.145-182, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.002021

Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissus, 1984.

M. L. Gardel, Microrheology of Entangled F-Actin Solutions, Physical Review Letters, vol.91, issue.15, pp.158302-158303, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.158302

F. G. Giancotti and E. Ruoslahti, Integrin Signaling, Science, vol.285, issue.5430, pp.1028-1032, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.285.5430.1028

T. Gisler, Scaling of the Microrheology of Semidilute F-Actin Solutions, Physical Review Letters, vol.82, issue.7, pp.1606-1609, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1606

F. Gittes, Microscopic Viscoelasticity: Shear Moduli of Soft Materials Determined from Thermal Fluctuations, Physical Review Letters, vol.79, issue.17, pp.3286-3289, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.3286

F. Gittes and C. F. Schmidt, Chapter 8 Signals and Noise in Micromechanical Measurements, Methods in Cell Biology, vol.55, pp.129-156, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0091-679X(08)60406-9

F. Gittes, Dynamic shear modulus of a semiflexible polymer network, Physical Review E, vol.58, issue.2, pp.1241-1244, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.58.R1241

M. Glogauer, Calcium ions and tyrosine phosphorylation interact coordinately with actin to regulate cytoprotective response to stretching, Journal of Cell Science, vol.110, pp.11-21, 1997.

W. H. Goldmann and R. M. Ezzell, Viscoelasticity in Wild-Type and Vinculin-Deficient (5.51) Mouse F9 Embryonic Carcinoma Cells Examined by Atomic Force Microscopy and Rheology, Experimental Cell Research, vol.226, issue.1, pp.234-241, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/excr.1996.0223

J. Guck, The Optical Stretcher: A Novel Laser Tool to Micromanipulate Cells, Biophysical Journal, vol.81, issue.2, pp.767-784
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)75740-2

J. Guck, Optical Deformability of Soft Biological Dielectrics, Physical Review Letters, vol.84, issue.23, pp.5451-5455, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5451

S. Henon and B. Cabane, Liquides, solutions, dispersions, emulsions, gels. Editions Belin, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00530545

J. Happel and H. Brenner, Low Reynolds number hydrodynamics, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-8352-6

S. Henon, A New Determination of the Shear Modulus of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane Using Optical Tweezers, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.2, pp.1145-51, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77279-6

R. D. Hubmayr, Biology lessons from oscillatory cell mechanics, J. Appl. Physiol, vol.89, issue.4, pp.1617-1625, 2000.

D. Ingber, Mechanobiology and diseases of mechanotransduction, Annals of Medicine, vol.284, issue.8, pp.564-577, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/07853890310016333

D. Ingber, Mechanosensation through integrins: Cells act locally but think globally, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, pp.1472-1474, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90202-1

D. Ingber and I. Tensegrity, Tensegrity II. How structural networks influence cellular information processing networks, Journal of Cell Science, vol.116, issue.8, pp.1397-1408, 2003.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.00360

H. Isambert and A. C. Maggs, Dynamics and Rheology of Actin Solutions, Macromolecules, vol.29, issue.3, pp.1036-1040, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/ma946418x

P. Janmey, Viscoelastic properties of vimentin compared with other filamentous biopolymer networks, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.113, issue.1, pp.155-160, 1991.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.113.1.155

P. A. Janmey, Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.4-11, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0955-0674(91)90159-V

P. Y. Jay, A mechanical function of myosin II in cell motility, Journal of Cell Science, vol.108, pp.387-393, 1995.

W. Kabsch, Atomic structure of the actin: DNase I complex, Nature, vol.347, issue.6288, pp.44-53, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/347037a0

H. Karcher, A Three-Dimensional Viscoelastic Model for Cell Deformation with Experimental Verification, Biophysical Journal, vol.85, issue.5, pp.3336-3385, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74753-5

B. Katz, Physical State of the Extracellular Matrix Regulates the Structure and Molecular Composition of Cell-Matrix Adhesions, Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol.11, issue.3, pp.1047-1060, 2000.
DOI : 10.1091/mbc.11.3.1047

E. M. Kovacs, Cadherin-Directed Actin Assembly, Current Biology, vol.12, issue.5, pp.379-82, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00661-9

K. Kruse, Asters, Vortices, and Rotating Spirals in Active Gels of Polar Filaments, Physical Review Letters, vol.92, issue.7, p.92078101, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.078101

M. Lambert, F. Padilla, and R. M. Mege, Immobilized dimers of N-cadherin-Fc chimera mimic cadherin-mediated cell contact formation: contribution of both inside-out and outside in signals, Journal of Cell Science, vol.113, pp.2207-2219, 2000.

L. Landau, Physique théorique tome 7 Théorie de l'élasticité, éd

M. J. Lang and S. M. Block, Resource Letter: LBOT-1: Laser-based optical tweezers, American Journal of Physics, vol.71, issue.3, pp.201-215, 2002.
DOI : 10.1119/1.1532323

M. J. Lang, P. M. Fordyce, and S. M. Block, Combined optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence, Journal of Biology, vol.2, issue.1, p.6, 2003.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-4924-2-6

A. Lau, Microrheology, Stress Fluctuations, and Active Behavior of Living Cells, Physical Review Letters, vol.91, issue.19, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.198101

V. M. Laurent, Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Adherent Living Cells by Bead Micromanipulation: Comparison of Magnetic Twisting Cytometry vs Optical Tweezers, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.124, issue.4
DOI : 10.1115/1.1485285

P. N. Lebedev, Experimental examination of light pressure, Ann. Der Physik, vol.6, p.433, 1901.

L. Legoff, F. Amblard, and E. M. Furst, Motor-Driven Dynamics in Actin-Myosin Networks, Physical Review Letters, vol.88, issue.1, pp.18101-18102, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.018101

F. Lequeux and A. Adjari, Averaging rheological quantities in descriptions of soft glassy materials, Physical Review E, vol.63, issue.3, p.30502, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.63.030502

Q. Lu and M. J. Solomon, Probe size effects on the microrheology of associating polymer solutions, Physical Review E, vol.66, issue.6, pp.0-61504, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.061504

A. C. Maggs, Micro-bead mechanics with actin filaments, Physical Review E, vol.57, issue.2, pp.2091-2094, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.57.2091

R. E. Mahaffy, Quantitative Analysis of the Viscoelastic Properties of Thin Regions of Fibroblasts Using Atomic Force Microscopy, Biophysical Journal, vol.86, issue.3, pp.1777-1793, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74245-9

R. E. Mahaffy, Scanning Probe-Based Frequency-Dependent Microrheology of Polymer Gels and Biological Cells, Physical Review Letters, vol.85, issue.4, pp.880-883, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.880

B. Maksym, Mechanical properties of cultured human airway smooth muscle cells from 0.05 to 0.4 hz, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.89, pp.1619-1632, 2000.

A. J. Maniotis, C. S. Chen, and D. E. Ingber, Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, pp.849-854, 1997.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.111.1.1

T. G. Mason, Rheology of F-actin solutions determined from thermally driven tracer motion, Journal of Rheology, vol.44, issue.4, 2000.
DOI : 10.1122/1.551113

T. G. Mason and D. A. Weitz, Optical Measurements of Frequency-Dependent Linear Viscoelastic Moduli of Complex Fluids, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, issue.7, pp.1250-53, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1250

C. J. Meyer, Mechanical control of cyclic AMP signalling and gene transcription through integrins, Nature Cell Biology, vol.2, issue.9, pp.666-674, 2000.

S. M. Mijailovich, A finite element model of cell deformation during magnetic bead twisting, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.93, issue.4, pp.1429-1465, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00255.2002

T. Mitchison and M. Kirschnner, Microtubule assembly nucleated by isolated centrosomes, Nature, vol.72, issue.5991, pp.232-237, 1984.
DOI : 10.1038/312232a0

C. Monthus and J. P. Bouchaud, Models of traps and glass phenomenology, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, vol.29, issue.14, pp.3847-3869, 1996.
DOI : 10.1088/0305-4470/29/14/012

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00004245

D. C. Morse, Viscoelasticity of Concentrated Isotropic Solutions of Semiflexible Polymers. 1. Model and Stress Tensor, Macromolecules, vol.31, issue.20, pp.7030-7043, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ma9803032

A. Nicolas, B. Geiger, and S. A. Safran, Cell mechanosensitivity controls the anisotropy of focal adhesions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.110, issue.1, pp.12520-12525, 2004.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.01-0878fje

O. Shaughnessy, B. Vavylonis, and D. , Dynamics of living polymers, The European Physical Journal E - Soft Matter, vol.12, issue.3, pp.481-96, 2003.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/e2004-00020-9

A. Ott, Measurement of the persistence length of polymerized actin using fluorescence microscopy, Physical Review E, vol.48, issue.3, pp.1642-1643, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.48.R1642

A. Palmer, Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy Microrheology of Actin Filament Networks, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.2, pp.1063-1071, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77271-1

J. Pérez, . Ph, R. Carles, and R. Fleckinger, Electromagnétisme vide et milieux matériels, 1990.

E. Perret, Fast dissociation kinetics between individual E-cadherin fragments revealed by flow chamber analysis, The EMBO Journal, vol.21, issue.11, pp.2537-2583, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2537

J. Plastino, The effect of diffusion, depolymerisation and nucleation promoting factors on actin gel growth, Eur. Biophys. J, vol.33, issue.4, pp.310-330, 2003.

T. D. Pollard, Rate constants for the reactions of ATP- and ADP-actin with the ends of actin filaments, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.103, issue.6, pp.2747-2754, 1986.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.103.6.2747

J. Pourati, Is cytoskeletal tension a major determinant of cell deformability in adherent endothelial cells?, AJP Cell Physiology, vol.274, pp.1283-1289, 1998.

M. Puig-de-morales, Measurement of cell microrheology by magnetic twisting cytometry with frequency domain demodulation, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.91, pp.1152-1159, 2001.

M. Radmacher, From molecules to cells: imaging soft samples with the atomic force microscope, Science, vol.257, issue.5078, pp.1900-1905, 1992.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1411505

M. Radmacher, Measuring the viscoelastic properties of human platelets with the atomic force microscope, Biophysical Journal, vol.70, issue.1, pp.556-567, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79602-9

S. M. Rafelski and J. A. Theriot, Crawling Toward a Unified Model of Cell Motility: Spatial and Temporal Regulation of Actin Dynamics, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol.73, issue.1, pp.209-239, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073844

A. D. Riggs and Z. Xiong, Methylation and epigenetic fidelity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.18, issue.3, pp.4-5, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/18.3.687

D. Riveline, Focal Contacts as Mechanosensors, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.1175-1185, 2001.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.141.2.539

V. Rodionov and G. G. Borisy, Microtubule Treadmilling in Vivo, Science, vol.275, issue.5297, pp.70-73, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.275.5297.215

Y. Sako, Cytoplasmic Regulation of the Movement of E-Cadherin on the Free Cell Surface as Studied by Optical Tweezers and Single Particle Tracking: Corralling and Tethering by the Membrane Skeleton, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.102, issue.5, pp.1227-1267, 1998.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.127.1.247

M. Sato, M. J. Levesque, and R. M. Nerem, Micropipette aspiration of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to shear stress, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.7, issue.3, pp.276-286, 1987.
DOI : 10.1161/01.ATV.7.3.276

G. W. Schmid-schonbein, Passive mechanical properties of human leukocytes, Biophysical Journal, vol.36, issue.1, pp.243-256, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(81)84726-1

F. G. Schmidt, B. Hinner, and E. Sackmann, -actin solutions compared to macrorheometry, Physical Review E, vol.61, issue.5, p.56465653, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.61.5646

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00309734

S. G. Shroff, D. R. Saner, and R. Lal, Dynamic micromechanical properties of cultured rat atrial myocytes measured by atomic force microscopy, AJP-Cell Physiology, vol.269, pp.286-292, 1995.

R. M. Simmons, Quantitative measurements of force and displacement using an optical trap, Biophysical Journal, vol.70, issue.4, pp.1813-1835, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79746-1

P. Sollich, Rheology of Soft Glassy Materials, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.10, pp.2020-2023, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2020

P. Sollich, Rheological constitutive equation for a model of soft glassy materials, Physical Review E, vol.58, issue.1, pp.738-759, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.58.738

D. Stamenovic and M. F. Coughlin, The Role of Prestress and Architecture of the Cytoskeleton and Deformability of Cytoskeletal Filaments in Mechanics of Adherent Cells: a Quantitative Analysis, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.201, issue.1, pp.63-74, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1999.1014

D. Stamenovic and E. Ingber, Models of cytoskeletal mechanics of adherent cells, Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.95-108, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s10237-002-0009-9

M. Stewart, Intermediate filament structure and assembly, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.3-11, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-0674(05)80002-X

A. F. Straight, Dissecting Temporal and Spatial Control of Cytokinesis with a Myosin II Inhibitor, Science, vol.299, issue.5613, pp.1743-1750, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1081412

T. M. Svitkina, Analysis of the Actin???Myosin II System in Fish Epidermal Keratocytes: Mechanism of Cell Body Translocation, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.110, issue.2, pp.397-415, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/cm.970250402

K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, Biological Applications of Optical Forces, Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, vol.23, issue.1, pp.247-85, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bb.23.060194.001335

M. Tempel, G. Isenberg, and E. Sackmann, Temperature-induced sol-gel transition and microgel formation in ??-actinin cross-linked actin networks: A rheological study, Physical Review E, vol.54, issue.2, pp.1802-1810, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.54.1802

O. Thoumine and A. Ott, Time scale dependent viscoelastic and contractile regimes in fibroblasts probed by microplate manipulation, Journal of Cell Science, vol.110, pp.2109-2116, 1997.

O. Thoumine, O. Cardoso, and J. Meister, Changes in the mechanical properties of fibroblasts during spreading: a micromanipulation study, European Biophysics Journal, vol.28, issue.3, pp.222-234, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002490050203

D. J. Timson, Fine tuning the myosin motor: the role of the essential light chain in striated muscle myosin, Biochimie, vol.85, issue.7, pp.639-645, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-9084(03)00131-7

M. A. Tsai, R. S. Frank, and R. E. Waugh, Passive mechanical behavior of human neutrophils: power-law fluid, Biophysical Journal, vol.65, issue.5, pp.2078-2088, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81238-4

Y. Tseng and D. Wirtz, Mechanics and Multiple-Particle Tracking Microheterogeneity of ??-Actinin-Cross-Linked Actin Filament Networks, Biophysical Journal, vol.81, issue.3, pp.1643-1656, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)75818-3

Y. Tseng, T. P. Kole, and D. Wirtz, Micromechanical Mapping of Live Cells by Multiple-Particle-Tracking Microrheology, Biophysical Journal, vol.83, issue.6, pp.3162-3176, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75319-8

R. D. Vale, T. S. Reese, and M. P. Sheetz, Identification of a novel force-generating protein, kinesin, involved in microtubule-based motility, Cell, vol.42, issue.1, pp.39-50, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80099-4

R. Wade, Organisation and structure of microtubules and microtubule-motor protein complexes, European Biophysics Journal, vol.27, issue.5, pp.446-454, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s002490050155

O. Wagner, Viscoelastic Properties of f-actin, Microtubules, f-actin/??-actinin, and f-actin/Hexokinase Determined in Microliter Volumes with a Novel Nondestructive Method, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.5, pp.2784-2796, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77432-1

R. A. Walker, Dynamic instability of individual microtubule analyzed by video light microscopy : rate constants and transition probabilities, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.107, p.14371448, 1988.

N. Wang, J. P. Butler, and D. E. Ingber, Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton, Science, vol.260, issue.5111, pp.1124-1127, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7684161

N. Wang, Cell prestress. I. Stiffness and prestress are closely associated in adherent contractile cells, AJP: Cell Physiology, vol.282, issue.3, pp.606-622, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00269.2001

N. Wang, Mechanical behavior in living cells consistent with the tensegrity model, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.75, issue.3
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4425

G. M. Wang, Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales, Physical Review Letters, vol.89, issue.5, p.50601, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.050601

O. D. Weiner, Spatial control of actin polymerization during neutrophil chemotaxis, Nature Cell Biology, vol.1, pp.75-81, 1999.

A. L. Weissenhorn, Deformation and height anomaly of soft surfaces studied with an AFM, Nanotechnology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.106-113, 1993.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/4/2/006

M. D. Welch, Interaction of Human Arp2/3 Complex and the Listeria monocytogenes ActA Protein in Actin Filament Nucleation, Science, vol.281, issue.5373, pp.105-108, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.281.5373.105

C. Wilhelm, F. Gazeau, and J. C. Bacri, Rotational magnetic endosome microrheology: Viscoelastic architecture inside living cells, Physical Review E, vol.67, issue.6, pp.61908-61909, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.67.061908

H. W. Wu, T. Kuhn, and V. T. Moy, Mechanical properties of L929 cells measured by atomic force microscopy: Effects of anticytoskeletal drugs and membrane crosslinking, Scanning, vol.4, issue.5, pp.389-397, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/sca.1998.4950200504

S. Yamada, D. Wirtz, and S. C. Kuo, Mechanics of Living Cells Measured by Laser Tracking Microrheology, Biophysical Journal, vol.78, issue.4, pp.1736-1747, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76725-7

A. Yeung and A. Evans, Cortical shell-liquid core model for passive flow of liquid-like spherical cells into micropipets, Biophysical Journal, vol.56, issue.1, pp.139-149, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82659-1

D. V. Zhelev, D. Needham, and R. M. Hochmuth, Role of the membrane cortex in neutrophil deformation in small pipets, Biophysical Journal, vol.67, issue.2, pp.696-705, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80529-6

Y. Zheng, Nucleation of microtubule assembly by a ??-tubulin-containing ring complex, Nature, vol.378, issue.6557, pp.578-583, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/378578a0

C. Zhu, G. Bao, and N. Wang, Cell Mechanics: Mechanical Response, Cell Adhesion, and Molecular Deformation, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol.2, issue.1, pp.189-226, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.189

F. Ziemann, J. Radler, and E. Sackmann, Local measurements of viscoelastic moduli of entangled actin networks using an oscillating magnetic bead micro-rheometer, Biophysical Journal, vol.66, issue.6, pp.2210-2216, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(94)81017-3

J. Dai and M. P. Sheetz, Regulation of Endocytosis, Exocytosis, and Shape by Membrane Tension, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol.60, issue.0, pp.567-571, 1995.
DOI : 10.1101/SQB.1995.060.01.060

P. F. Davies and S. C. Tripathi, Mechanical stress mechanisms and the cell. An endothelial paradigm, Circulation Research, vol.72, issue.2, pp.239-245, 1993.
DOI : 10.1161/01.RES.72.2.239

S. R. Heidemann and R. E. Buxbaum, Mechanical Tension as a Regulator of Axonal Development, Neurotoxicology, vol.15, pp.95-107, 1994.

C. E. Schmidt, J. Dai, D. A. Lauffenburger, M. P. Sheetz, and A. F. Horwitz, Integrin-cytoskeletal Interactions in Neuronal Growth Cones, J. Neurosci, vol.15, pp.3400-3407, 1995.

T. P. Stossel, On the crawling of animal cells, Science, vol.260, issue.5111, pp.1086-1094, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8493552

N. Wang and D. E. Ingber, Control of cytoskeletal mechanics by extracellular matrix, cell shape, and mechanical tension, Biophysical Journal, vol.66, issue.6, pp.1-9, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(94)81014-8

N. Wang, J. P. Butler, and D. E. Ingber, Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton, Science, vol.260, issue.5111, pp.1124-1127, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7684161

D. Choquet, D. P. Felsenfeld, and M. P. Sheetz, Extracellular Matrix Rigidity Causes Strengthening of Integrin???Cytoskeleton Linkages, Cell, vol.88, issue.1, pp.39-48, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81856-5

S. R. 10-heidemann, A new twist on integrins and the cytoskeleton, Science, vol.260, issue.5111, pp.1080-1081, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8493551

D. E. 11-ingber, L. Dike, L. Hansen, S. Karp, H. Liley et al., Cellular Tensegrity: Exploring How Mechanical Changes in the Cytoskeleton Regulate Cell Growth, Migration, and Tissue Pattern during Morphogenesis, Int. Rev. Cytol, vol.150, pp.173-224, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61542-9

P. A. Janmey, The Cytoskeleton and Cell Signaling: Component Localization and Mechanical Coupling, Physiol. Rev, vol.78, pp.763-781, 1998.

E. 13-planus, S. Galiacy, M. Matthay, V. Laurent, J. Gavrilovic et al., Role of Collagenase in Mediating In Vitro Alveolar Epithelial Wound Repair, J. Cell. Sci, vol.112, pp.243-252, 1999.

U. S. 14-potard, J. P. Butler, W. , and N. , Cytoskeletal Mechanics in Confluent Epithelial Cells Probed through Integrins and E-cadherins, Am. J. Physiol, vol.272, pp.1654-1663, 1997.

R. D. 15-hubmayr, S. A. Shore, J. J. Fredberg, E. Planus, W. et al., Pharmacological Activation Changes Stiffness of Cultured Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells, Am. J. Physiol, vol.271, pp.1660-1668, 1996.

M. Sato, D. P. Theret, L. T. Wheeler, N. Ohshima, and R. M. Nerem, Application of the Micropipette Technique to the Measurement of Cultured Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cell Viscoelastic Properties, J. Biomech. Eng, vol.112, pp.263-268, 1990.

M. Sato, N. Ohshima, and R. M. Nerem, Viscoelastic properties of cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells exposed to shear stress, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.29, issue.4, pp.461-467, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(95)00069-0

O. Thoumine, A. Ott, O. Cardoso, and J. J. Meister, Microplates: a new tool for manipulation and mechanical perturbation of individual cells, Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, vol.39, issue.1-2, pp.39-47, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-022X(98)00052-9

A. R. Bausch, W. Möller, and E. Sackmann, Measurement of Local Viscoelasticity and Forces in Living Cells by Magnetic Tweezers, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.1, pp.573-579, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77225-5

S. G. Shroff, D. R. Saner, and R. Lal, Dynamic Micromechanical Properties of Cultured Rat Atrial Myocytes Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy, Am. J. Physiol, vol.269, pp.286-292, 1995.

D. Stamenovic and M. F. Coughlin, A Quantitative Model of Cellular Elasticity Based on Tensegrity, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.122, issue.1, pp.39-43, 2000.
DOI : 10.1115/1.429631

S. Wendling, C. Oddou, and D. Isabey, Stiffening Response of a Cellular Tensegrity Model, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.196, issue.3, pp.309-325, 0196.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1998.0841

K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, Biological Applications of Optical Forces, Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, vol.23, issue.1, pp.247-285, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bb.23.060194.001335

S. 25-hénon, G. Lenormand, A. Richert, and F. Gallet, A New Determination of the Shear Modulus of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane Using Optical Tweezers, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.2, pp.1145-1151, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77279-6

G. 26-lenormand, S. Hénon, and F. Gallet, Measurement of the Elastic Coefficients of an Isolated Red Blood Cell Membrane Skeleton with Optical Tweezers, Arch. Physiol. Biochem, vol.107, p.69, 1999.

N. Wang and D. E. Ingber, Probing transmembrane mechanical coupling and cytomechanics using magnetic twisting cytometry, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, vol.73, issue.7-8, pp.327-335, 1995.
DOI : 10.1139/o95-041

S. Wendling, E. Planus, V. Laurent, L. Barbe, A. Mary et al., Role of cellular tone and microenvironmental conditions on cytoskeleton stiffness assessed by tensegrity model, The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, vol.9, issue.1, pp.51-62, 2000.
DOI : 10.1051/epjap:2000200

S. 29-yamada, D. Wirtz, and S. C. Kuo, Mechanics of Living Cells Measured by Laser Tracking Microrheology, Biophysical Journal, vol.78, issue.4, pp.1736-1747, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76725-7

S. 30-foner, M. Jr, and E. J. , The Review of Scientific Instrument, pp.171-181, 1968.

M. P. Sheetz, Laser Tweezers in Cell Biology, Introduction, Methods Cell Biol, vol.55, p.pp. xi?xii, 1998.

R. M. Simmons, J. T. Finer, S. Chu, and J. A. Spudich, Quantitative measurements of force and displacement using an optical trap, Biophysical Journal, vol.70, issue.4, pp.1813-1822, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79746-1

N. Wang, Mechanical Interactions Among Cytoskeletal Filaments, Hypertension, vol.32, issue.1, pp.162-165, 1998.
DOI : 10.1161/01.HYP.32.1.162

D. Stamenovic and M. F. Coughlin, The Role of Prestress and Architecture of the Cytoskeleton and Deformability of Cytoskeletal Filaments in Mechanics of Adherent Cells: a Quantitative Analysis, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.201, issue.1, pp.63-74, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1999.1014

F. 35-ziemann, J. Rädler, and E. Sackmann, Local measurements of viscoelastic moduli of entangled actin networks using an oscillating magnetic bead micro-rheometer, Biophysical Journal, vol.66, issue.6, pp.2210-2216, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(94)81017-3

A. R. Bausch, F. Ziemann, A. A. Boulbitch, K. Jacobson, and E. Sackmann, Local Measurements of Viscoelastic Parameters of Adherent Cell Surfaces by Magnetic Bead Microrheometry, Biophysical Journal, vol.75, issue.4, pp.2038-2049, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77646-5

C. 38-rotsch, F. Braet, E. Wisse, and M. Radmacher, AFM IMAGING AND ELASTICITY MEASUREMENTS ON LIVING RAT LIVER MACROPHAGES, Cell Biology International, vol.21, issue.11, pp.685-696, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/cbir.1997.0213

A. J. Maniotis, C. S. Chen, and D. E. Ingber, Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.307, issue.1, pp.849-854, 1997.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.111.1.1

B. Fabry, G. N. Maksym, R. D. Hubmayr, J. P. Butler, and J. J. Fredberg, Implications of heterogeneous bead behavior on cell mechanical properties measured with magnetic twisting cytometry, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.194, issue.1-3, pp.120-125, 0194.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00564-2

F. Richelme, A. M. Benoliel, and P. Bongrand, Dynamic Study of Cell Mechanical and Structural Responses to Rapid Changes of Calcium Level, Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, pp.45-93, 2000.

J. S. Wang, N. Pavlotsky, A. I. Tauber, and K. S. Zaner, Assembly dynamics of actin in adherent human neutrophils, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, vol.87, issue.4, pp.340-348, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/cm.970260408

J. Alcaraz, L. Buscemi, M. Grabulosa, X. Trepat, B. Fabry et al., Microrheology of Human Lung Epithelial Cells Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy, Biophysical Journal, vol.84, issue.3, pp.2071-2079, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)75014-0

F. Amblard, A. Maggs, B. Yurke, A. Pargellis, and S. Leibler, Subdiffusion and Anomalous Local Viscoelasticity in Actin Networks, Physical Review Letters, vol.77, issue.21, pp.4470-44731136, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4470

S. An, R. Laudadio, J. Lai, R. Rogers, and J. Fredberg, Stiffness changes in cultured airway smooth muscle cells, AJP: Cell Physiology, vol.283, issue.3, pp.792-801, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00425.2001

K. Barbee, P. Davies, and R. Lal, Shear stress-induced reorganization of the surface topography of living endothelial cells imaged by atomic force microscopy, Circulation Research, vol.74, issue.1, pp.163-171, 1994.
DOI : 10.1161/01.RES.74.1.163

A. Bausch, W. Moïler, and E. Sackmann, Measurement of Local Viscoelasticity and Forces in Living Cells by Magnetic Tweezers, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.1, pp.573-579, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77225-5

N. Caille, O. Thoumine, Y. Tardy, and J. Meister, Contribution of the nucleus to the mechanical properties of endothelial cells, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.35, issue.2, pp.177-187, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00201-9

A. Caspi, R. Granek, and M. Elbaum, Diffusion and directed motion in cellular transport, Physical Review E, vol.66, issue.1, pp.11916-11917, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.011916

C. Dewey, . Jr, S. Bussolari, M. Gimbrone, . Jr et al., The Dynamic Response of Vascular Endothelial Cells to Fluid Shear Stress, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.103, issue.3, pp.177-188, 1981.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3138276

N. Desprat, J. Richert, J. Simeón, and A. Asnacios, Creep Function of a Single Living Cell, Biophysical Journal, vol.88, issue.3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.050278

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00005354

B. Fabry, G. Maksym, J. Butler, M. Glogauer, D. Navajas et al., Scaling the Microrheology of Living Cells, Physical Review Letters, vol.87, issue.14, pp.148102-148103, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.148102

B. Fabry, G. Maksym, J. Butler, M. Glogauer, D. Navajas et al., Time scale and other invariants of integrative mechanical behaviour in living cells, Phys Rev E, vol.68, pp.1-18, 2003.

J. Guck, R. Ananthakrishnan, H. Mahmood, T. Moon, C. C. Cunningham et al., The Optical Stretcher: A Novel Laser Tool to Micromanipulate Cells, Biophysical Journal, vol.81, issue.2, pp.767-784, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)75740-2

P. Janmey, The cytoskeleton and cell signaling: component localization and mechanical coupling, Physiol Rev, vol.78, pp.763-780, 1998.

P. Janmey, U. Euteneuer, P. Traub, and M. Schliwa, Viscoelastic properties of vimentin compared with other filamentous biopolymer networks, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.113, issue.1, pp.155-160, 1991.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.113.1.155

M. Kovacs, J. Toth, C. Hete´nyihete´nyi, A. Malnasi-csizmadadia, and J. Sellers, Mechanism of Blebbistatin Inhibition of Myosin II, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.34, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M405319200

K. Kruse, J. Joanny, F. Juïicher, J. Prost, and K. Sekimoto, Asters, Vortices, and Rotating Spirals in Active Gels of Polar Filaments, Physical Review Letters, vol.92, issue.7, pp.78101-78102, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.078101

A. Lau, B. Hoffmann, A. Davies, J. Crocker, and T. Lubensky, Microrheology, stress fluctuations, and active behaviour of living cells, Phys Rev Lett, vol.91, pp.1-4, 2003.

V. Laurent, S. He´nonhe´non, E. Planus, R. Fodil, M. Balland et al., Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Adherent Living Cells by Bead Micromanipulation: Comparison of Magnetic Twisting Cytometry vs Optical Tweezers, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.124, issue.4, pp.408-421, 2002.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1485285

L. Goff, L. Amblard, F. Furst, and E. , Motor-Driven Dynamics in Actin-Myosin Networks, Physical Review Letters, vol.88, issue.1, pp.18101-18102, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.018101

G. Lenormand, S. He´nonhe´non, A. Richert, J. Simeón, and F. Gallet, Direct Measurement of the Area Expansion and Shear Moduli of the Human Red Blood Cell Membrane Skeleton, Biophysical Journal, vol.81, issue.1, pp.43-58, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)75678-0

G. Lenormand, E. Millet, B. Fabry, J. Butler, and J. Fredberg, Linearity and time-scale invariance of the creep function in living cells, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, vol.1, issue.1, pp.91-97, 2004.
DOI : 10.1098/rsif.2004.0010

G. Maksym, B. Fabry, J. Butler, D. Navajas, D. J. Tschumberlin et al., Mechanical properties of cultured human airway smooth muscle cells from 0, 2000.

A. Palmer, T. Mason, J. Xu, S. Kuo, and D. Wirtz, Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy Microrheology of Actin Filament Networks, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.2, pp.1063-1071, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77271-1

N. Petersen, W. Mcconnaughey, and E. Elson, Dependence of locally measured cellular deformability on position on the cell, temperature, and cytochalasin B., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.79, issue.17, pp.5327-5331, 1982.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.79.17.5327

M. Puig-de-morales, E. Millet, B. Fabry, D. Navajas, N. Wang et al., Cytoskeletal mechanics in adherent human airway smooth muscle cells: probe specificity and scaling of protein-protein dynamics, AJP: Cell Physiology, vol.287, issue.3, pp.643-654685, 1997.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00070.2004

M. Sato, N. Ohshima, and R. Nerem, Viscoelastic properties of cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells exposed to shear stress, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.29, issue.4, pp.461-467, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(95)00069-0

M. Sato, K. Nagayama, N. Kataoka, M. Sasaki, and K. Hane, Local mechanical properties measured by atomic force microscopy for cultured bovine endothelial cells exposed to shear stress, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.127-135, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00178-5

P. Sollich, Rheological constitutive equation for a model of soft glassy materials, Physical Review E, vol.58, issue.1, pp.738-759, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.58.738

P. Sollich, F. Lequeux, P. He´braudhe´braud, and M. Cates, Rheology of Soft Glassy Materials, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.10, pp.2020-2023, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2020

A. Straight, A. Cheug, J. Limouze, I. Chen, N. Westwood et al., Dissecting Temporal and Spatial Control of Cytokinesis with a Myosin II Inhibitor, Science, vol.299, issue.5613, pp.1743-1747, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1081412

O. Thoumine and A. Ott, Time scale dependent viscoelastic and contractile regimes in fibroblasts probed by microplate manipulation, J Cell Sci, vol.110, pp.2109-2116, 1997.

Y. Tseng, T. Kole, and D. Wirtz, Micromechanical Mapping of Live Cells by Multiple-Particle-Tracking Microrheology, Biophysical Journal, vol.83, issue.6, pp.3162-3176, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75319-8

C. Wilhelm, F. Gazeau, and J. Bacri, Rotational magnetic endosome microrheology: Viscoelastic architecture inside living cells, Physical Review E, vol.67, issue.6, pp.61908-1061908, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.67.061908

S. Yamada, D. Wirtz, and S. Kuo, Mechanics of Living Cells Measured by Laser Tracking Microrheology, Biophysical Journal, vol.78, issue.4, pp.1736-1747, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76725-7