D. Daoust, J. Devaux, and P. Godard, Part 2. Quantitative interpretation of model compound sulfonation, Polymer International, vol.50, issue.8, p.925, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/pi.718

K. Miyatake, H. Iyotani, K. Yamamoto, and E. Tsuchida, Synthesis of Poly(phenylene sulfide sulfonic acid) via Poly(sulfonium cation) as a Thermostable Proton-Conducting Polymer, Macromolecules, vol.29, issue.21, p.6969, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/ma960768x

J. Yu, B. Yi, D. Xing, F. Liu, Z. Chao et al., Degradation mechanism of polystyrene sulfonic acid membrane and application of its composite membranes in fuel cells, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.5, issue.3, p.611, 2003.
DOI : 10.1039/b209020a

D. H. Jung, S. Y. Cho, and D. H. Peck, Preparation and performance of a Nafion??/montmorillonite nanocomposite membrane for direct methanol fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.118, issue.1-2, pp.205-211, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00095-8

J. Kim and I. Honma, Proton conducting polydimethylsiloxane/zirconium oxide hybrid membranes added with phosphotungstic acid, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.24, pp.3633-3638, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00484-5

R. A. Vargas, V. H. Zapata, E. Matallana, and M. A. Vargas, More thermal studies on the PVOH/H3PO2/H2O solid proton conductor gels, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.10-11, pp.1699-1702, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00773-8

S. Li and M. Liu, Synthesis and conductivity of proton-electrolyte membranes based on hybrid inorganic???organic copolymers, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.28, pp.4271-4276, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.08.002

K. Tadanaga, H. Yoshida, A. Matsuda, T. Minami, and M. Tatsumisago, Inorganic???organic hybrid films from 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and orthophosphoric acid for medium temperature fuel cells, Electrochemistry Communications, vol.5, issue.8, pp.644-646, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1388-2481(03)00143-7

Y. S. Kim, F. Wang, M. Hickner, T. A. Zawodzinski, and J. E. Mcgrath, Fabrication and characterization of heteropolyacid (H3PW12O40)/directly polymerized sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer composite membranes for higher temperature fuel cell applications, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.212, issue.1-2, pp.263-282, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00507-0

_. Bibliographie, .. B. Tazi, and O. Savadogo, Effect of Various Heteropolyacids (HPAs) on the Characteristics of Nafion®-HPAs Membranes and their H 2 /O 2 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel cell Parameters, Journal of the Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol.4, pp.187-196, 2001.

S. M. Zaidi, S. D. Mikhaileko, and G. P. Robertson, Proton conducting composite membranes from polether ether ketone and heteropolacids for fuel cell applications, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.1734, pp.17-34, 2000.

R. He, Q. Li, G. Xiao, and N. J. Bjerrum, Proton conductivity of phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole and its composites with inorganic proton conductors, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.226, issue.1-2, pp.169-184, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.002

J. A. Asensio, S. Borros, and P. Gomez-romero, Enhanced conductivity in polyanion-containing polybenzimidazoles. Improved materials for proton-exchange membranes and PEM fuel cells, Electrochemistry Communications, vol.5, issue.11, pp.967-972, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.elecom.2003.09.007

B. Tazi and O. Savadogo, Parameters of PEM fuel-cells based on new membranes fabricated from Nafion??, silicotungstic acid and thiophene, Electrochimica Acta, vol.45, issue.25-26, pp.4329-4339, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00536-3

P. Genova-dimitrova, B. Baradie, D. Foscallo, C. Poinsignon, and J. Sanchez, Ionomeric membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC): sulfonated polysulfone associated with phosphatoantimonic acid, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.185, issue.1, pp.59-71, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00634-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00418238

B. Baradie, C. Poinsignon, and J. Sanchez, Thermostable ionomeric filled membrane for H2/O2 fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.74, issue.1, pp.8-16, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(97)02816-4

J. P. Gabriel, F. Camerel, P. Batail, B. J. Lemaire, P. Davidson et al., Une phase cristal liquide lamellaire constituée de nano-feuillets, covalents et minéraux. Lettre des sciences chimiques, pp.18-20, 2003.

A. Bauer, E. Peraio, and . Ramunni, Hybrid organic-ionorganic membranes for a medium temperature fuel cell, Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol.3, pp.87-92, 2000.

K. Yoshiji, Lowly ion-releasing thermoplastic resin composition. EP04110352, 1992.

P. Schutz and J. Kjer, Materials for medium temperature solid state fuel cells. Extend Abstracts Fall Meeting, pp.248-249, 1987.

M. Wakizoe, O. A. Velev, and S. Srinivasan, Analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance with alternate membranes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.40, issue.3, pp.335-344, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4686(94)00269-7

R. E. Fernandez, Perfluorinated ionomers. in Polymer Data Hanbook, p.233, 1999.

J. Halim, F. N. Büchi, O. Haas, M. Stamm, and G. G. Scherer, Characterization of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes by conductivity measurements and small-angle x-ray scattering, Electrochimica Acta, vol.39, issue.8-9, pp.1303-1307, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4686(94)E0051-Z

. Du and . Pont, Nafion® Membranes NE-112, NE-1135, NE-115, NE-117. Fiche d'information produit NAE101, pp.1-4, 2000.

_. , .. S. Almeida, and Y. Kawano, Thermal behaviour of Nafion membranes, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol.58, pp.569-577, 1999.

. Du and . Pont, Nafion® Membranes NR-111, NR-112. Fiche d'information produit NAE201, pp.1-5, 2001.

P. J. James, P. J. Elliott, T. J. Mcmaster, J. M. Newton, A. M. Elliott et al., Hydratation of Nafion R studied by AFM and X-ray scattering, Journal of Materials Science, vol.35, issue.20, pp.5111-5119, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1004891917643

N. Yoshida, T. Ishisaki, A. Watakabe, and M. Yoshitake, Characterization of Flemion?? membranes for PEFC, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.24, pp.43-3749, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00133-9

J. J. Summer, S. E. Creager, J. J. Ma, and D. D. Desmarteau, Proton Conductivity in Nafion 117 and in a Novel Bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide Ionomer Membrane, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.145, issue.1, pp.107-110, 1998.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1838220

V. I. Basura, P. D. Beattie, and S. Holdcroft, Solid-state electrochemical oxygen reduction at Pt???Nafion?? 117 and Pt???BAM3G??? 407 interfaces, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.458, issue.1-2, pp.1-5, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00338-6

C. Stone, A. E. Steck, and J. Wei, Trifuorostyrene and substitued trifluorostyrene copolymeric compositions and ion-exchange membranes formed therefrom. US005773480A, 1998.

C. Stone, T. S. Daynard, L. Hu, C. Mah, and A. E. Steck, Phosphonic acid functionalized proton exchange membranes for PEM fuel cells, Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol.3, pp.43-50, 2000.

R. Nolte, K. Ledjeff, M. Bauer, and R. Mülhaupt, Partially sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) - A versatile proton conducting membrane material for modern energy conversion technologies, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.83, issue.2, pp.211-220, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(93)85268-2

M. Kang, Y. Choi, and I. Choi, Electrochemical characterization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (S-PES) cation-exchange membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.216, issue.1-2, pp.39-53, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00045-0

F. Wang, M. Hickner, Y. S. Kim, T. A. Zawodzinski, and J. E. Mcgrath, Direct polymerization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random (statistical) copolymers: candidates for new proton exchange membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.197, issue.1-2, pp.231-242, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00620-2

R. W. Kopitzke, C. A. Linkous, and G. L. Nelson, Thermal stability of high temperature polymers and their sulfonated derivatives under inert and saturated vapor conditions, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.67, issue.2, pp.335-344, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00135-4

C. A. Linkous, H. R. Anderson, R. W. Kopitze, and G. L. Nelson, Development of new proton exchange membrane electrolytes for water electrolysis at higher temperatures, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.23, issue.7, pp.23-525, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0360-3199(97)00113-4

J. Benavente, J. M. Garcia, and R. Riley, Sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfones), Journal of Membrane Science, vol.175, issue.1, pp.43-52, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00395-1

G. Maier, C. Shin, and G. Scherer, Sulpho-Pendant Poly(ether ketone)s for Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. 1 st European PEFC Forum, pp.193-202, 2001.

_. Bibliographie, .. L. Karlsson, and P. Jannasch, Polysulfone ionomers for proton-conducting fuel cell membranes: sulfoalkylated polysulfones, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.230, pp.61-71, 2004.

R. Mohr, V. Kudela, J. Schauer, and K. Richau, Comparison of different cells for resistance determination of freely standing polymer membranes developped for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Desalination, pp.191-196, 2002.

K. Richau, V. Kudela, J. Schauer, and R. Mohr, Electrochemical characterization of ionically conductive polymer membranes, Macromolecular Symposium. 2002, pp.73-89
DOI : 10.1002/1521-3900(200211)188:1<73::AID-MASY73>3.0.CO;2-K

B. Lafitte, L. E. Karlsson, and P. Jannasch, Sulfophenylation of Polysulfones for Proton-Conducting Fuel Cell Membranes, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, vol.23, issue.15, pp.896-900, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/1521-3927(20021001)23:15<896::AID-MARC896>3.0.CO;2-P

B. Bauer, D. J. Jones, J. Rozière, L. Tchicaya, G. Alberti et al., Electrochemical characterisation of sulfonated polyetherketone membranes, Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol.3, pp.93-98, 2000.

T. Kobayashi, M. Rikukawa, K. Sanui, and N. Ogata, Proton-conducting polymers derived from poly(ether-etherketone) and poly(4-phenoxybenzoyl-1,4-phenylene) Solid States Ionics, pp.219-225, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/s0167-2738(97)00512-2

E. Drioli, A. Regina, M. Casiola, A. Casiola, A. Oliveti et al., Sulfonated PEEK-WC membranes for possible fuel cell applications, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.228, issue.2, pp.139-148, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2003.07.023

J. Bae, I. Honma, M. Murata, T. Yamamoto, M. Rikukawa et al., Properties of selected sulfonated polymers as proton-conducting electrolytes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Solid States Ionics, pp.189-194, 2002.

Y. Yin, J. Fang, Y. Cui, K. Tanaka, H. Kita et al., Synthesis, proton conductivity and methanol permeability of a novel sulfonated polyimide from 3-(2'-4'- diaminophenoxy)propane sulfonic acid. Polymer, pp.4509-4518, 2003.

E. Vallejo, G. Pourcelly, C. Gavach, R. Mercier, and M. Pineri, Sulfonated polyimides as proton conductor exchange membranes. Physicochemical properties and separation H+/Mz+ by electrodialysis comparison with a perfluorosulfonic membrane, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.160, issue.1, pp.127-137, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00070-8
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00559875

W. Essafi, G. Gebel, and R. Mercier, Sulfonated Polyimide Ionomers: A Structural Study, Macromolecules, vol.37, issue.4, pp.1431-1440, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ma034965p
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00558882

K. Miyatake, H. Zhou, and M. Watanabe, Proton Conductive Polyimide Electrolytes Containing Fluorenyl Groups:?? Synthesis, Properties, and Branching Effect, Macromolecules, vol.37, issue.13, pp.4956-4960, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ma0495487

X. Zhou, J. Weston, and E. Chalkova, High temperature transport properties of polyphosphazene membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.14-16, pp.2173-2180, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00201-9

R. Carter, R. Wycisk, H. Yoo, and P. N. Pintauro, Blended Polyphosphazene/Polyacrylonitrile Membranes Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters Phenyl phosphoric acid functionalized poly[aryloxyphosphazenes] as proton-conducting membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, A195-A197 _________________________________________________________________ 60, pp.47-54, 2002.

S. Jacob, S. Cochet, C. Poinsignon, and M. Popall, Proton conducting inorganic???organic matrices based on sulfonyl- and styrene derivatives functionalized polycondensates via sol???gel processing, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.14-16, pp.2181-2186, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00202-0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00417970

R. C. Slade and J. R. Varcoe, Proton conductivity in siloxane and ormosil ionomers prepared using mild sulfonation methodologies. Solid States Ionics, pp.127-133, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/s0167-2738(01)00922-5

J. Kerres and W. Cui, Mélanges constitués d'acides, de bases et de polymères, et leur utilisation dans des procédés à membrane, p.54389, 1999.

G. Inzelt, M. Pineri, J. W. Schultze, and M. A. Vorotynsev, Electron and proton conducting polymers: recent developments and prospects, Electrochimica Acta, vol.45, issue.15-16, pp.2403-2421, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00329-7

S. Koter, P. Piotrowski, and J. Kerres, Comparative investigations of ion-exchange membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.153, issue.1, pp.83-90, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00242-7

J. H. Kawakami, B. Bikson, G. Gotz, and Y. Ozcayir, Membranes en polysulfone sulfoné à base de hexafluorobisphénol-A et procédé de séparation de fluides, pp.426-118, 1990.

6. E. Bellatoni and R. S. Loya, Membranes composites d'ultrafiltration, 1993.

Y. Xin and S. Wang, An investigation of sulfonated polysulfone humidity-sensitive materials . Sensors and Actuators A, pp.147-149, 1994.

N. M. Sammes and R. Boersma, Small-scale fuel cells for residential applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol.86, issue.1-2, pp.98-110, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00415-2

A. J. Appleby, Issues in fuel cell commercialization, Journal of Power Sources, vol.58, issue.2, pp.153-176, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(96)02384-1

A. Lloyd, Une centrale électrique dans votre sous-sol. Pour la science, pp.44-47, 1999.

P. Jannasch, Recent developments in high-temperature proton conducting polymer electrolyte membranes. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, pp.96-102, 2003.

J. Appleby, Le plein d'hydrogène, s'il vous plaît! Pour la science, pp.38-42, 1999.

G. Sattler, Fuel cells going on-board, Journal of Power Sources, vol.86, issue.1-2, pp.61-67, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00414-0

B. Hohlein, P. Biedermann, T. Grube, and R. Menzer, Fuel cell power trains for road traffic, Journal of Power Sources, vol.84, issue.2, pp.203-213, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00318-3

_. Bibliographie, .. W. Teagan, J. Bentley, and B. Barnett, Cost reductions of fuel cells for transport applications: fuel processing options, Journal of Power Sources, vol.71, pp.80-85, 1998.

R. Farhi, L. P. Jarvis, T. B. Atwater, and P. J. Cygan, 26-1.html. Source : Nikkei Weekly. 2 février Fuel cell/electrochemical capacitor hybrid for intermittent high power applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol.01, issue.79, pp.60-63, 1999.

P. B. Jones, J. B. Lakeman, G. O. Mepsted, and J. M. Moore, A hybrid power source for pulse power applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol.80, issue.1-2, pp.242-247, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00074-9

. Prinz, Development of portable fuel cell arrys with printed-circuit techonology, Journal of Power Sources, vol.124, pp.459-472, 2003.

K. Shah, W. C. Shin, and R. S. Besser, Novel microfabrication approaches for directly patterning PEM fuel cell membranes, Journal of Power Sources, vol.123, issue.2, pp.172-181, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00538-X

C. Dyer, Des piles à combustible pour les portables. Pour la science, pp.48-51, 1999.

D. Browning, P. Jones, and K. Packer, An investigation of hydrogen storage methods for fuel cell operation with man-portable equipment, Journal of Power Sources, vol.65, issue.1-2, pp.187-195, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(96)02617-1

A. Heinzel, R. Nolte, K. Ledjeff-hey, and M. Zedda, Membrane fuel cells ??? concepts and system design, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.24, pp.43-3817, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00141-8

A. Vigier, . Ne-asia, . Adit, . S. De-l-'ambassade-de-france-au-japon, V. Arico et al., Investigation of ETFE-based polymer membranes as alternative electrolyte for direct methanol fuel cells, N°317. 90. A, pp.107-115, 2003.

L. Jorissen, V. Goel, J. Kerres, and J. Garche, New membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.105, issue.2, pp.267-273, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00952-1

B. Hohlein, S. Vonandrian, T. Grube, and R. Menzer, Critical assessment of power trains with fuel-cell systems and different fuels, Journal of Power Sources, vol.86, issue.1-2, pp.243-249, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00459-0

H. Jaesung, I. Kim, and K. Choi, Purifier-integrated methanol reformer for fuel cell vehicles, Journal of Power Sources, vol.86, pp.223-227, 2000.

R. Peters, H. G. Duserwald, and B. Hohlein, Investigation of a methanol reformer concept considering the particular impact of dynamics and long-term stability for use in a fuel-cell-powered passenger car, Journal of Power Sources, vol.86, issue.1-2, pp.507-514, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00477-2

B. Emonts, J. B. Hansen, H. Schmidt, T. Grube, B. Hohlein et al., Fuel cell drive system with hydrogen generation in test, Journal of Power Sources, vol.86, issue.1-2, pp.228-236, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00495-4

R. Farhi, Ambassade de France à Tokyo Service pour la Science et la Technologie, Organisation et budget publics de recherche et développement sur les piles à combustibles au Japon. 22 janvier, pp.1-6, 2002.

F. Laurent, M. Le, and . Picard, Direction de la technologie/Direction Générale de l'industrie , des Technologies et des Postes. Note: Perspectives pour une filière française de la pile à combustible, pp.28-2003

C. Leninivin, Elaboration et validation de dérivés polyparaphénylène susbstitués sulfonés comme électrolyte solide pour piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons

D. Chu and R. Jiang, Performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks, Journal of Power Sources, vol.83, issue.1-2, pp.128-133, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00285-2

Z. Siroma, N. Fujiwara, T. Ioroi, S. Yamazaki, K. Yasuda et al., Dissolution of Nafion?? membrane and recast Nafion?? film in mixtures of methanol and water, Journal of Power Sources, vol.126, issue.1-2, pp.41-45, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.08.024

M. Laporta, M. Pegoraro, and L. Zanderighi, Recast Nafion-117 thin film from water solution, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, vol.282, issue.1, pp.22-29, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1439-2054(20001001)282:1<22::AID-MAME22>3.0.CO;2-#

J. Rozieres and D. J. Jones, Non-Fluorinated Polymer Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Annual Review of Materials Research, vol.33, issue.1, pp.503-555, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022702.154657

E. Peled, T. Duvdevani, A. Melman, and A. Aharon, Fuel cell with proton conducting membrane, 2001.

G. Alberti and M. Casciola, Composite Membranes for Medium-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells, Annual Review of Materials Research, vol.33, issue.1, pp.129-154, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022702.154702

W. G. Grot and G. Rajendran, Membranes containing onorganic fillers and membranes and electrode assemblies and electrochemical cells employing same, p.29752, 1996.

P. D. Caesar, Fuel cell containing solid alumino-silicate electrolyte, 1966.

C. Poinsignon, J. Sanchez, Y. Piffard, G. Vitter, B. Baradie et al., Matériau à conduction protonique, son utilisation pour l'élaboration d'une membrane à conduction protonique pour les piles à combustibles et les supercapacités, EP 97401613, 1997.

M. W. Park, J. C. Yang, H. S. Han, Y. G. Shul, T. H. Lee et al., Heteropolyacid (H 3 PW 12 O 40 ) Incoporated Solid Polymer Electrolyte for PEMFC, pp.64-743, 1996.

F. Liu, B. Yi, D. Xing, J. Yu, and H. Zhang, Nafion/PTFE composite membranes for fuel cell applications, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.212, issue.1-2, pp.213-223, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00503-3

_. Bibliographie, .. R. Zoppi, V. P. Yoshida, and S. P. Nunes, Hybrids of perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer and silicon oxide by sol-gel reaction from solution: Morphology and thermal analysis, Polymer, vol.39, pp.6-7, 1997.

D. Coutinho, Z. Yang, J. P. Ferraris, and K. J. Balkus, Novel polymer/molecular sieve composite membranes for fuel cells. Abstracts of papers, p.159, 2003.

A. Bozkurt, W. H. Meyer, and G. Wegner, PAA/imidazol-based proton conducting polymer electrolytes, Journal of Power Sources, vol.123, issue.2, pp.126-131, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00560-3
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-000F-616C-E

J. Sun, L. R. Jordan, M. Forsyth, and D. R. Macfarlane, Acid???Organic base swollen polymer membranes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.10-11, pp.1703-1708, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00774-X

W. Wieczorek, G. Zukowska, R. Borkowska, S. H. Chung, and S. Greenbaum, A basic investigation of anhydrous proton conducting gel electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.10-11, pp.1427-1438, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00736-2

R. Savinell, E. Yeager, D. Tryk, U. Landau, J. Wainright et al., A Polymer Electrolyte for Operation at Temperatures up to 200??C, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.141, issue.4, pp.46-48, 1994.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2054875

C. Hasiotis, V. Deimede, and C. Kontoyannis, New polymer electrolytes based on blends of sulfonated polysulfones with polybenzimidazole, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.15, pp.2401-2406, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00437-6

M. Doyle, S. K. Choi, and G. Proulx, High-Temperature Proton Conducting Membranes Based on Perfluorinated Ionomer Membrane-Ionic Liquid Composites, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.147, issue.1, pp.34-37, 2000.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1393153

A. V. Anantaraman and C. L. Gardner, Studies on ion-exchange membranes. Part 1. Effect of humidity on the conductivity of Nafion??, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.414, issue.2, pp.115-120, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0728(96)04690-6

G. Blumenthal, M. Cappadonia, and M. Lehmann, Investigation of the proton transport in nafion?? membranes as a function of direction, temperature and relative humidity, Ionics, vol.45, issue.2, pp.102-106, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02375802

R. F. Silva, M. Defrancesco, and A. Pozio, Solution-cast Nafion?? ionomer membranes: preparation and characterization, Electrochimica Acta, vol.49, issue.19, pp.3211-3219, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.02.035

M. Cappadonia, J. W. Erning, S. M. Niaki, and U. Stimming, Conductance of Nafion R 117 membranes as a function of temperature and water content. Solid States Ionics, pp.65-69, 1995.

V. Tricoli and F. Nannetti, Zeolite???Nafion composites as ion conducting membrane materials, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.18, pp.2625-2633, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00306-2

D. Carrieres, P. Barboux, M. Moreau, and J. Boilot, H 3 PO 4 /oxide nanoparticles/polymer composite as proton conducting membranes, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, pp.497-502, 2002.

_. , .. Y. Sone, P. Ekdunge, and D. Simonsson, Proton Conductivity of Nafion R 117 as Measured by a Four-Electrode AC Impedance Method, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol.143, issue.4, pp.1254-1259, 1996.

T. A. Zawodzinski, T. E. Springer, J. Davey, R. Jestel, C. Lopez et al., A Comparative Study of Water Uptake By and Transport Through Ionomeric Fuel Cell Membranes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.140, issue.7, pp.140-1981, 1993.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2220749

F. Lufrano, G. Saquadrito, A. Patti, and E. Passalacqua, Sulfonated polysulfone as promising membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.13, issue.6, pp.1250-1257, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-4628(20000808)77:6<1250::AID-APP9>3.0.CO;2-R

F. Lufrano, I. Gatto, and P. Staiti, Sulfonated polysulfone ionomer membranes for fuel cells. Solid States Ionics, pp.47-51, 2001.

C. M. Ambler, A. E. Maher, R. M. Wood, H. R. Allcock, E. Chalkova et al., Novel proton conductive polyphosphazene for use as fuel cell materials, Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, p.595, 2003.

B. Gupta and G. G. Scherer, Proton exchange membranes by radiation grafting of styrene onto FEP films. I. Thermal characteristics of copolymer membranes, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.50, issue.12, pp.2129-2134, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1993.070501212

B. Gupta, J. G. Highfield, and G. G. Scherer, Proton-exchange membranes by radiation grafting of styrene onto FEP films. II. Mechanism of thermal degradation in copolymer membranes, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.51, issue.9, pp.1659-1666, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1994.070510916

M. A. Navarra, S. Materazzi, S. Panero, and B. Scrosati, PVdF-Based Membranes for DMFC Applications, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.150, issue.11, pp.150-1528, 2003.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1615607

T. Okada, S. Kjelstrup-ratkje, S. Moller-holst, L. O. Jerdal, K. Friestad et al., Water and ion transport in the cation exchange membrane systems NaCl???SrCl2 and KCl???SrCl2, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.111, issue.2, pp.159-167, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(95)00184-0

. Tamai, Crosslinkable aromatic resins having protonic acid groups and ion-conductive polymer membranes, binders, and fuel cells made y using the same. WO 03033566, 2003.

J. Kerres, W. Zhang, and C. Tang, Covalently and ionically crosslinked polymers for use in membranes, 2002.

J. Kerres, W. Zhang, and C. Tang, Covalently crosslinked polymers and polymer membranes , their production via sulfinate alkylation and their use, 2003.

C. Bailly, D. J. Williams, F. E. Karasz, and W. J. Macknight, The sodium salts of sulfonated poly(aryl-ether-ketone) (PEEK): Preparation and characterization. Polymer, pp.1009-1016, 1987.

A. Noshay and L. M. Robeson, Sulfonated polysulfone, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.20, issue.7, pp.1885-1903, 1976.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1976.070200717

_. Bibliographie, .. G. Sakellaropoulos, S. P. Kaldis, G. C. Kapantaidakis, and X. S. Dabou, New polymer membranes prepared from polysulfone and polyimide blends for the separation of industrial gas mixtures, 1996.

K. Ghosal, R. T. Chern, and B. D. Freeman, Gas permeability of radel a polysulfone, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol.31, issue.7, pp.891-893, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/polb.1993.090310718

B. Bikson and J. Katz-nelson, Fluid separation composite membranes prepared from sulfonated aromatic polymers in lithium salt form, 1994.

B. Bikson, J. K. Nelson, G. Gotz, and Y. Ozcayir, Semipermeable membranes based on certain sulfonated substitued polysulfone polymers, 1991.

1. T. Barbari and S. S. Datwani, Gas separation properties of polysulfone membranes treated with molecular bromine, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.107, issue.3, pp.263-266, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(95)00122-0

J. Hong, Y. S. Kang, J. Jang, and U. Y. Kim, Analysis of facilitated transport in polymeric membrane with fixed site carrier 2. Series RC circuit model, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.109, issue.2, pp.159-163, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(95)00189-1

Y. S. Kang, J. Hong, J. Jang, and U. Y. Kim, Analysis of facilitated transport in solid membranes with fixed site carriers 1. Single RC circuit model, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.109, issue.2, pp.149-157, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(95)00190-5

H. Kausch, N. Heymans, C. J. Plummer, and P. Decroly, Traité des matériaux Matériaux polymères : propriétés mécaniques et physiques Gas permeation of radiation grafted and sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes. Polymer, pp.5567-5573, 1999.

R. Dillon, S. Srinivasan, A. S. Arico, and V. Antonucci, International activities in DMFC R&D, Journal of Power Sources, vol.127, issue.1 2, pp.112-126, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-008044696-7/50045-3

M. A. Smit, A. L. Oscampo, M. A. Espinosa-medina, and P. J. Sebastian, A modified Nafion membrane with in situ polymerized polypyrrole for the direct methanol fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.124, issue.1, pp.59-64, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00730-4

K. S. Dhathathreyan, P. Sridhar, G. Sasikumar, K. K. Ghosh, G. Velayutham et al., Development of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.24, issue.11, pp.1107-1115, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0360-3199(98)00172-4

J. M. Moore, P. L. Adcock, J. B. Lakeman, and G. O. Mepsted, The effects of battlefield contaminants on PEMFC performance, Journal of Power Sources, vol.85, issue.2, pp.254-260, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00341-9

O. Antoine and R. Durand, RRDE study of oxygen reduction on Pt nanoparticles inside Nafion R : H 2 O 2 production in PEMFC cathode conditions, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol.30, issue.7, pp.839-844, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1003999818560

A. Panchenko, H. Dilger, E. Moller, T. Sixt, and E. Roduner, In situ EPR investigation of polymer electrolyte membrane degradation in fuel cell applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol.127, issue.1-2, pp.325-330, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.047

_. , .. B. Baradie, J. P. Dodelet, and D. Guay, Hybrid Nafion R -inorganic membrane with potentiel applications for polymer electrolyte applications for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.489, pp.101-105, 2000.

J. Maruyama, M. Inaba, and Z. Ogumi, Effect of fluorinated alcohol on the kinetics of cathodic oxygen reduction at gold electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.45, issue.3, pp.415-422, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00268-6

A. Sanmatias, J. A. Bastos, D. Benito, J. J. Garcia-janero, and F. Vicente, Electrochemical behaviour of inorganic redox substances dispersed into Nafion?? films, International Journal of Inorganic Materials, vol.1, issue.5-6, pp.371-378, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1466-6049(99)00054-9

C. Barthet and M. Guglielmi, Aspects of the conducting properties of nafion doped polyaniline, Electrochimica Acta, vol.41, issue.18, pp.41-2791, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4686(96)00090-4

K. Wallgren and S. Sotiropoulos, Electrochemistry of planar solid-state amperometric devices based on Nafion?? and polybenzimidazole solid polymer electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.10-11, pp.1523-1532, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00748-9

M. C. Lefebvre, Z. Qi, and P. G. Pickup, Electronically Conducting Proton Exchange Polymers as Catalyst Supports for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction, Hydrogen Oxidation, and Methanol Oxidation, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.146, issue.6, pp.146-2054, 1999.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1391891

T. Momma, S. Kakuda, H. Yarimizu, and T. Osaka, Electrochemical Redox Properties of Polypyrrole/Nafion Composite Film in a Solid Polymer Electrolyte Battery, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.142, issue.6, pp.142-1766, 1995.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2044191

S. Park, J. Lee, S. Jang, L. Kim, D. Choi et al., Impedance characteristics of a rotating disc electrode coated with a sulfonated polysulfone cation-exchange membrane, Journal of Power Sources, vol.83, issue.1-2, pp.217-222, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00305-5

S. Polyphosphazenze and -. , A221-A222 165. O. Savadogo et B. Xing. Hydrogen/oxygen polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) based on acid-doped polybenzilidazole (PBI), Fuel Cells. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, vol.5, issue.3, pp.342-347, 2000.

M. P. Gil, X. Ji, X. Li, H. Na, J. E. Hampsey et al., Novel PEEK membranes for fuel cell applications. 225th ACS National Meeting. New Orleans A study of the internal humidification of an integrated PEMFC stack, Journal of Power Sources, vol.167, issue.74, pp.146-150, 1998.

S. Lassaux, P. Teller, P. Theate, and A. Germain, A comparative LCA of different proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and a microturbine for combined production of heat and electricity. 8th LCA Case Studies Symposium SETAC-Europe, pp.4-060, 2000.

T. K. Tromp, R. Shia, M. Allen, J. M. Eiler, and Y. L. Yung, CNI (Chemical News&Intelligence) The Alchemist/The Chemweb Magazine. 22 mars http://www.chemweb.com/alchem/articles/1077018079517.html. Asahi Glass développe un procédé pour recycler un polymère fluoré. 171, Bibliographie _________________________________________________________________ Science, vol.170, issue.300, pp.1740-1742, 2003.

R. Juillet, L'hydrogène à la rescousse. Isère Magazine, p.27, 2004.

P. Sanglan and M. Mouliney, Produire une énergie respectueuse de l'environnement. Le cryoscope, Spécial PAC, 2001.

J. Maruyama, M. Inaba, K. Katakura, Z. Ogumi, and Z. Takehara, Influence of Nafion?? film on the kinetics of anodic hydrogen oxidation, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.447, issue.1-2, pp.201-209, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00004-7

J. Diard, B. L. Gorrec, and C. Montella, O[sub 2] Mass-Transfer Function for Polymer-Filmed Metal Electrodes. Application to the Linear Sweep Voltammetry Method, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.147, issue.1, pp.296-307, 2000.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1393191

J. Diard, N. Glandut, B. L. Gorrec, and C. Montella, EIS study of the Fe III/Fe II redox couple at a Nafion coated Pt electrode, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, issue.2, pp.566-269, 2004.

J. Diard, N. Glandut, C. Montella, and J. Sanchez, One layer, two layers, etc. An introduction to the EIS study of multilayer electrodes. Part 1: Theory, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.578, issue.2, pp.11-17, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.01.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00386427

J. Shan and P. G. Pickup, Characterization of polymer supported catalysts by cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk voltammetry, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.1, pp.119-125, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00514-4

F. Gloaguen, P. Convert, S. Gamburzev, O. A. Velev, and S. Srinivasan, An evaluation of the macro-homogeneous and agglomerate model for oxygen reduction in PEMFCs, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.24, pp.43-3767, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00136-4

S. J. Lee, S. Mukerjee, J. Mc-breen, Y. W. Rho, Y. T. Kho et al., Effects of Nafion impregnation on performances of PEMFC electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.24, pp.43-3693, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00127-3

K. Starz, R. Zuber, W. Göttenauer, and K. D. , Méthode pour déposer des couches d'électrodes sur une membrane en électrolyte polymérique sous forme de ruban pour pile à combustible. EP 1037295, 2000.

J. Maruyama and I. Abe, Influence of anodic oxidation of glassy carbon surface on voltammetric behavior of Nafion??-coated glassy carbon electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.22, pp.3381-3386, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00539-4

S. D. Thompson, L. R. Jordan, and M. Forsyth, Platinum electrodeposition for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.10-11, pp.1657-1663, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00767-2

_. , .. S. Cha, and W. M. Lee, Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes Prepared by Direct Deposition of Ultrathin Platinum on the Membrane Surface, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, issue.11, pp.146-4055, 1999.

N. Chaix, F. Alloin, J. Bélières, J. Saunier, and J. Sanchez, Electrochemical study of polymethacrylonitrile electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.47, issue.8, pp.1327-1334, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00853-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00418087

C. Genies, R. Mercier, B. Sillion, R. Petiaud, N. Cornet et al., Stability study of sulfonated phtalic and naphtalic polyimide structures in aqueous medium. Polymer, pp.5097-5105, 2001.

S. Parra, J. Olivero, L. Pacheco, and C. Pulgarin, Structural properties and photoreactivity relationships of substituted phenols in TiO2 suspensions, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol.43, issue.3, pp.293-301, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00324-7

R. A. Torres, W. Torres, P. Peringer, and C. Pulgarin, Electrochemical degradation of p-substituted phenols of industrial interest on Pt electrodes., Chemosphere, vol.50, issue.1, pp.97-104, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00487-3

S. J. Paddison, R. Paul, and K. Kreuer, Theoretically computed proton diffusion coefficients in hydrated PEEKK membranes, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.4, issue.7, pp.1151-1157, 2002.
DOI : 10.1039/b109791a

F. W. Chabert and . Addison, A. Tallec, Electrochimie organique Synthèse et mécanismes Conversion constants for redox potentials measured versus different reference electrodes in acetonitrile solutions at 25°C. Inorganic Chimica Acta, Thèse de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, pp.97-102, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01515503

M. M. Baizer and H. Lund, Organic Electrochemistry An Introduction and a Guide Marcel Dekker, INC. ed. 1983. 195 Electrochemical reactions in nonaqueous systems

G. R. Buetlner, B. Jurkiewicz, A. E. Favier, J. Cadet, B. Kalyanaraman et al., Analysis of free radicals in biological systems Advantages of Determining the Molar Mass Distributions of Water-Soluble Polymers and Polyelectrolytes with FFFF-MALLS and SEC- MALLS, pp.114-140, 1997.

W. F. Reed, Data evaluation for unified multi-detector size exclusion chromatography ??? molar mass, viscosity and radius of gyration distributions, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, vol.196, issue.5, pp.1539-1575, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/macp.1995.021960515
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310709

_. Bibliographie, .. F. Boudin, X. Andrieu, C. Jehoulet, and J. J. Olsen, Microporous PVdF gel for lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, pp.81-82, 1999.

T. Pichonat, B. Gauthier-manuel, and D. Hauden, A new proton-conducting porous silicon membrane for small fuel cells, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol.101, issue.1-3, pp.107-111, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cej.2004.01.019
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00119795

P. Genova-dimitrova, C. Iojoiu, M. Maréchal, C. Poinsignon, and J. Sanchez, Characterisation of sulfonated Bisphenol-A-Polysulfone Organic-inorganic protonic polymer electrolytes as membrane for low-temperature fuel cell, Electrochimica Acta. Soumis Electrochimica Acta, vol.205, issue.379, pp.1615-1618, 1992.

S. J. Paddison, Proton Conduction Mechanisms at Low Degrees of Hydration in Sulfonic Acid???Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes, Annual Review of Materials Research, vol.33, issue.1, pp.289-319, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022702.155102

M. J. Jak, S. Raz, L. N. Rij, and J. , Schoonman et I. Riess. Voltage-concentration relations with enhanced slopes in electrochemical cells based on Nafion R . Solid States Ionics, pp.205-217, 2001.

K. D. Kreuer, On the complexity of proton conduction phenomena. Solid States Ionics, pp.136-137, 2000.

K. Kreuer, Proton Conductivity:?? Materials and Applications, Proton Conductivity : Materials and Applications, pp.610-641, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/cm950192a

T. A. Zawodzinski, C. Jr, S. Derouin, R. J. Radzinski, V. T. Sherman et al., Water Uptake by and Transport Through Nafion?? 117 Membranes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.140, issue.4, pp.1041-1047, 1993.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2056194

C. A. Edmondson, P. E. Stallworth, M. E. Chapman, J. J. Fontanella, M. C. Wintersgill et al., Complex impedance studies of proton-conducting membranes. Solid States Ionics, pp.419-423, 2000.

K. D. Kreuer, On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.185, issue.1, pp.29-39, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00632-3

R. S. Yeo, Ion Clustering and Proton Transport in Nafion Membranes and Its Applications as Solid Polymer Electrolyte, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.130, issue.3, pp.533-538, 1983.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2119746

K. A. Mauritz and R. Fu, Dielectric relaxation studies of ion motions in electrolyte-containing perfluorosulfonate ionomers. 1. Sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride systems, Macromolecules, vol.21, issue.5, pp.1324-1333, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00183a024

K. A. Mauritz and H. Fu, Dielectric relaxation studies of ion motions in electrolyte-containing perfluorosulfonate ionomers. 2. Sodium acetate, potassium chloride, and potassium iodide systems, Macromolecules, vol.21, issue.9, pp.2738-2743, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00187a016

K. A. Mauritz and H. Yun, Dielectric relaxation studies of ion motions in electrolyte-containing perfluorosulfonate ionomers. 3. Zinc sulfate and calcium chloride systems, Macromolecules, vol.22, issue.1, pp.220-225, 1989.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00191a042

_. and .. K. Mauritz, Dielectric relaxation studies of ion motions in electrolyte-containing perfluorosulfonate ionomers. 4. Long-range ion transport, Macromolecules, vol.22, issue.12, pp.4483-4488, 1989.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00202a018

Z. D. Deng and K. A. Mauritz, Dielectric relaxation studies of acid-containing short-side-chain perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes, Macromolecules, vol.25, issue.9, pp.2336-2380, 1992.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00035a013

T. Thampan, S. Malhotra, H. Tang, and R. Datta, Modeling of Conductive Transport in Proton-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.147, issue.9, pp.3242-3250, 2000.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1393890

M. Eikerling and A. A. Kornyshev, Proton transfer in a single pore of a polymer electrolyte membrane, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.502, issue.1-2, pp.1-14, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00368-5

J. H. Van, . Der, J. Stegen, J. A. Görtzen, G. F. Hogendoorn et al., Radial distribution of ions in pores with a surface charge, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.183, pp.61-74, 2001.

K. Kreuer, Fast proton conductivity : A phenomena between the solid and the liquid state? Solid States Ionics, pp.55-62, 1997.

J. J. Fontanella, M. C. Wintersgill, R. C. Chen, Y. Wu, and S. G. Greenbaum, Charge transport and water molecular motion in variable molecular weight nafion membranes: High pressure electrical conductivity and NMR, Electrochimica Acta, vol.40, issue.13-14, pp.40-2321, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00186-I

M. Duclot, F. Alloin, O. Brylev, J. Sanchez, and J. Souquet, New alkali ionomers : transport mechanism from temperature and pressure conductivity measurements. Solid States Ionics, pp.136-137, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/s0167-2738(00)00611-1

C. A. Edmondson, J. J. Fontanella, S. H. Chung, S. G. Greenbaum, and G. E. Wnek, Complex impedance studies of S-SEBS block polymer proton-conducting membranes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.46, issue.10-11, pp.1623-1628, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00762-3

J. F. Moxley, S. Tulyani, and J. B. Benziger, Steady-state multiplicity in the autohumidification polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.58, issue.20, pp.4705-4708, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00345-2

T. Arimura, D. Ostrovskii, T. Okada, and G. Xie, The effect of additives on the ionic conductivity performances of perfluoroalkyl sulfonated ionomer membranes. Solid States Ionics, pp.1-10, 1999.

B. D. Cahan and J. S. Wainright, AC Impedance Investigations of Proton Conduction in Nafion???, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.140, issue.12, pp.185-186, 1993.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2221160

J. J. Sumner, S. E. Creager, J. J. Ma, and D. D. Desmarteau, Proton Conductivity in Nafion 117 and in a Novel Bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide Ionomer Membrane, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.145, issue.1, pp.107-110, 1998.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1838220

G. Barral, J. Diard, B. Le-gorrec, L. D. Tri, and C. Montella, Imp??dances de cellules de conductivit??. I. D??termination des plages de fr??quence de mesure de la conductivit??, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol.12, issue.6, pp.913-924, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00614368

_. Bibliographie, .. C. Gardner, and A. V. Anantaraman, Measurement of membrane conductivities using an open-ended coaxial probe, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.395, pp.67-73, 1995.

J. J. Fontanella, M. C. Wintersgill, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell, and M. Litt, High pressure electrical conductivity studies of acid doped polybenzimidazole, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.10-11, pp.10-11, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10032-9

R. A. Zoppi and S. P. Nunes, Electrochemical impedance studies of hybrids of perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer and silicon oxide by sol-gel reaction from solution, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.445, issue.1-2, pp.39-45, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00513-5

H. Wang, C. Feng, S. Sun, C. U. Segre, and J. R. Stetter, Comparison of conductometric humidity-sensing polymers, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol.40, issue.2-3, pp.211-216, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-4005(97)80264-X

F. Fracassi, R. , F. Palumbo, F. Belluci, and T. Monetta, Deposition of goldcontaining siloxane thin films. Thin solid films, pp.60-63, 1996.

M. G. Mclin, M. C. Wintersgill, J. J. Fontanella, R. S. Chen, J. P. Jayakody et al., High pressure studies of hydrated Nafion membranes : Dielectric relaxation and deuteron NMR. Solid States Ionics, pp.137-140, 1993.

J. J. Fontanella, M. G. Mclin, M. C. Wintersgill, J. P. Calame, and S. G. Greenbaum, Electrical impedance studies of acid form Nafion R membranes. Solid States Ionics, pp.1-4, 1993.

C. A. Edmondson, P. E. Stallworth, M. C. Wintersgill, J. J. Fontanella, Y. Dai et al., Electrical conductivity and NMR studies of methanol/water mixtures in Nafion membranes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.10-11, pp.1295-1299, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10033-0

M. C. Wintersgill and J. J. Fontanella, Complex impedance measurements on Nafion, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.10-11, pp.10-11, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10049-4

J. Diard, P. Landaud, B. L. Gorrec, and C. Montella, Automatic measurement of the conductivity of an electrolyte solution by FFT electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol.29, issue.12, pp.1180-1184, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01297421

C. Feng, S. Sun, H. Wang, C. U. Segre, and J. R. Stetter, Humidity sensing properties of Nation and sol-gel derived SiO2/Nafion composite thin films, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol.40, issue.2-3, pp.217-222, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-4005(97)80265-1

F. Damay and L. C. Klein, Transport properties of Nafion TM composite membranes for proton-exchange membranes fuel cells. Solid States Ionics, pp.162-163, 2003.

M. Pourbaix, N. De, J. Zoubov, . Van, and . Muylder, Atlas d'equilibres électrochimiques Analysis of the alterning current properties of ionic conductors, Journal of Materials Science, vol.13, pp.553-562, 1978.

M. Doyle, L. Wang, Z. Yang, and S. K. Choi, Polymer Electrolytes Based on Ionomeric Copolymers of Ethylene with Fluorosulfonate Functionalized Monomers, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.150, issue.11, pp.150-185, 2003.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1610467

H. E. Gottlieb, V. Kotlyar, and A. Nudelman, NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.62, issue.21, pp.7512-7515, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/jo971176v

_. , .. P. Genova-dimitrova, C. Iojoiu, M. Maréchal, C. Poinsignon et al., Chemical and physico-chemical characterisations of sulfonated polysulfones Proton Conductivity of Nafion 117 as Measured by a Four-Electrode AC Impedance Method, Electrochimica Acta. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, issue.3, pp.143-1254, 1996.