W. Abend, E. Bizzi, and P. Morasso, HUMAN ARM TRAJECTORY FORMATION, Brain, vol.105, issue.2, pp.331-348, 1982.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/105.2.331

S. Athènes, I. Sallagoïty, P. G. Zanone, and J. M. Albaret, Evaluating the coordination dynamics of handwriting, Human Movement Science, vol.23, issue.5, pp.605-625, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.humov.2004.10.004

P. J. Beek, C. E. Peper, and D. F. Stegeman, Dynamical models of movement coordination, Human Movement Science, vol.14, issue.4-5, pp.573-608, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(95)00028-5

N. S. Bernstein, The co-ordination and regulation of movements, 1967.

R. Bongaardt and O. G. Meijer, Bernstein's Theory of Movement Behavior: Historical Development and Contemporary Relevance, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.16, issue.1, pp.57-71, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00818979

M. A. Bonney, Understanding and assessing handwriting difficulty: Perspectives from the literature. The Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, pp.7-15, 1992.

J. J. Buchanan and J. A. Kelso, Posturally induced transitions in rhythmic multijoint limb movements, Experimental Brain Research, vol.94, issue.1, pp.131-142, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00230476

J. J. Buchanan and J. A. Kelso, To Switch or Not to Switch: Recruitment of Degrees of Freedom Stabilizes Biological Coordination, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.24, issue.2, pp.126-144, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/00222899909600984

J. J. Buchanan, J. A. Kelso, and G. C. De-guzman, Self-organization of trajectory formation, Biological Cybernetics, vol.76, issue.4, pp.257-273, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s004220050338

J. J. Buchanan, J. A. Kelso, G. C. De-guzman, and M. Ding, The spontaneous recruitment and suppression of degrees of freedom in rhythmic hand movements, Human Movement Science, vol.16, issue.1, pp.1-32, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9457(96)00040-1

J. J. Buchanan, J. A. Kelso, and A. Fuchs, Coordination dynamics of trajectory formation, Biological Cybernetics, vol.11, issue.1, pp.41-54, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00199136

D. Bullock and S. Grossberg, Neural dynamics of planned arm movements: Emergent invariants and speed^accuracy properties during trajectory formation., Psychological Review, vol.95, issue.1, pp.49-90, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.95.1.49

D. Bullock and S. Grossberg, Adaptive neural networks for control of movement trajectories invariant under speed and force rescaling, Human Movement Science, vol.10, issue.1, pp.3-53, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(91)90029-W

D. Bullock, S. Grossberg, and C. Mannes, A neural network model for cursive script production, Biological Cybernetics, vol.14, issue.4, pp.15-28, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00202562

A. W. Burton, H. L. Pick, C. Holmes, and H. L. Teulings, The independence of horizontal and vertical dimensions in handwriting with and without vision, Acta Psychologica, vol.75, issue.3, pp.201-212, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(90)90012-5

R. G. Carson, W. D. Byblow, B. Abernethy, and J. J. Summers, The contribution of inherent and incidental constraints to intentional switching between patterns of bimanual coordination, Human Movement Science, vol.15, issue.4, pp.565-598, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(96)00028-0

R. G. Carson, D. Goodman, J. A. Kelso, and D. Elliott, Intentional switching between patterns of interlimb coordination, Journal of Human Movement Studies, vol.27, pp.201-218, 1994.

R. G. Carson and J. A. Kelso, Governing coordination: behavioural principles and neural correlates, Experimental Brain Research, vol.154, issue.3, pp.267-274, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00221-003-1726-8

R. G. Carson and S. Riek, Changes in muscle recruitment patterns during skill acquisition, Experimental Brain Research, vol.138, issue.1, pp.71-87, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002210100676

U. Castiello and G. E. Stelmach, Generalized representation of handwriting: Evidence of effector independence, Acta Psychologica, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.53-68, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90004-B

J. J. Collins and I. N. Stewart, Coupled nonlinear oscillators and the symmetries of animal gaits, Journal of Nonlinear Science, vol.63, issue.4, pp.349-392, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02429870

A. Avella, P. Saltiel, and E. Bizzi, Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior, Nature Neuroscience, vol.6, issue.3, pp.300-308, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1010

G. C. De-guzman, J. A. Kelso, and J. J. Buchanan, Self-organization of trajectory formation, Biological Cybernetics, vol.76, issue.4, pp.275-284, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s004220050339

G. Dellatolas, M. De-agostini, P. Jallon, M. Poncet, M. Rey et al., Mesure de la préférence manuelle dans la population française adulte, pp.117-136, 1988.

J. J. Denier-van-der-gon and J. P. Thuring, The guiding of human writing movements, Biological Cybernetics, vol.2, pp.145-148, 1965.

J. J. Denier-van-der-gon, J. P. Thuring, and J. Strackee, A handwriting simulator, Physics in Medical Biology, issue.6, pp.407-414, 1962.

D. Desbiez, A. Vinter, and R. G. Meulenbroek, Biomechanical and perceptual determinants of drawing angles, Acta Psychologica, vol.94, issue.3, pp.253-271, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-6918(96)00004-2

D. Desbiez, A. Vinter, and R. G. Meulenbroek, The influence of task features on biomechanical exploitation in drawing, 1996.

F. J. Diedrich and W. H. Warren, Why change gaits? Dynamics of the walk-run transition., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.21, issue.1, pp.183-202, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.21.1.183

E. H. Dooijes, Analysis of handwriting movements, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.99-114, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90026-4

N. Dounskaïa, A. W. Van-gemmert, and G. E. Stelmach, Interjoint coordination during handwriting-like movements, Experimental Brain Research, vol.135, issue.1, pp.127-140, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002210000495

S. Edelman and T. Flash, A model of handwriting, Biological Cybernetics, vol.7, issue.2, pp.25-36, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00318713

A. W. Ellis, Spelling and writing (and reading and speaking), Normality and Pathology in Cognitive Functions, pp.113-146, 1982.

A. W. Ellis, Normal writing processes and peripheral acquired dysgraphias, Language and Cognitive Processes, vol.28, issue.2, pp.99-127, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/77.4.510

S. E. Engelbrecht, Minimum Principles in Motor Control, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.497-542, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/jmps.2000.1295

A. G. Feldman, Once More on the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis (?? Model) for Motor Control, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.62, issue.1, pp.17-54, 1986.
DOI : 10.1080/00222895.1986.10735369

P. W. Fink, P. Foo, V. K. Jirsa, and J. A. Kelso, Local and global stabilization of coordination by sensory information, Experimental Brain Research, vol.134, issue.1, pp.9-20, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002210000439

P. W. Fink, J. A. Kelso, V. K. Jirsa, and G. C. De-guzman, Recruitment of degrees of freedom stabilizes coordination., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.26, issue.2, pp.671-692, 2000.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.26.2.671

T. Flash and N. Hogan, The coordination of arm movements: An experimentally confirmed mathematical model, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.5, pp.1688-1703, 1985.

T. Flash and T. J. Sejnowski, Computational approaches to motor control, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.655-662, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-4388(01)00265-3

A. Fuchs, V. K. Jirsa, H. Haken, and J. A. Kelso, Extending the HKB model of coordinated movement to oscillators with different eigenfrequencies, Biological Cybernetics, vol.21, issue.1, pp.21-30, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00199134

L. Greene, Phase, intentional and intrinsic dynamics of bimanual coordination in older adults, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, issue.S60, p.16, 1994.

P. H. Greene, Problems of Organization of Motor Systems, Progress in Theoretical Biology, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-543102-6.50013-3

K. L. Greer and D. W. Green, Context and motor control in handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.205-215, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90034-3

S. Grossberg and R. Paine, A neural model of cortico-cerebellar interactions during attentive imitation and predictive learning of sequential handwriting movements, Neural Networks, vol.13, issue.8-9, pp.999-1046, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0893-6080(00)00065-4

H. Haken, Synergetics: An Introduction, 1983.

H. Haken, Advanced Synergetics, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-45553-7

H. Haken, Synergetics in Pattern Recognition and Associative Action, Neural and synergetic computers, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-74119-7_1

H. Haken, J. A. Kelso, and H. Bunz, A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements, Biological Cybernetics, vol.37, issue.5, pp.347-356, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00336922

C. M. Harris, On the optimal control of behaviour: a stochastic perspective, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol.83, issue.1, pp.73-88, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-0270(98)00063-6

N. Hogan, An organizing principle for a class of voluntary movements, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.4, pp.2745-2754, 1984.

J. M. Hollerbach, An oscillation theory of handwriting, Biological Cybernetics, vol.204, issue.2, pp.139-156, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00336740

D. F. Hoyt and C. R. Taylor, Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses, Nature, vol.63, issue.5820, pp.239-240, 1981.
DOI : 10.1038/292239a0

W. Hulstijn and G. P. Van-galen, Programming in handwriting: Reaction time and movement time as a function of sequence length, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.23-49, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90021-5

W. Hulstijn and G. P. Van-galen, Levels of Motor Programming in Writing Familiar and Unfamiliar Symbols, Cognition and Action in Skilled Behavior, pp.65-85, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60615-9

R. J. Jagacinski, C. E. Peper, and P. J. Beek, Dynamic, Stochastic, and Topological Aspects of Polyrhythmic Performance, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.1, issue.4, pp.323-336, 2000.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03205802

J. J. Jeka and J. A. Kelso, The Dynamic Pattern Approach to Coordinated Behavior: A Tutorial Review, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60017-5

V. K. Jirsa, P. W. Fink, and J. A. Kelso, Parametric stabilization of biological coordination: A theoretical model, Journal of Biological Physics, vol.26, issue.2, pp.85-112, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005208122449

H. S. Kao, Progressive motion variability in handwriting tasks, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.146-159, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90029-X

H. S. Kao, D. T. Shek, and E. S. Lee, Control modes and task complexity in tracing and handwriting performance, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.69-77, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90023-9

B. A. Kay, The dimensionality of movement trajectories and the degrees of freedom problem: A tutorial, Human Movement Science, vol.7, issue.2-4, pp.343-364, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(88)90016-4

B. A. Kay, J. A. Kelso, E. L. Saltzman, and G. Schöner, Space???time behavior of single and bimanual rhythmical movements: Data and limit cycle model., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.13, issue.2, pp.178-192, 1987.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.13.2.178

S. W. Keele, Movement control in skilled motor performance., Psychological Bulletin, vol.70, issue.6, Pt.1, pp.387-403, 1968.
DOI : 10.1037/h0026739

R. Kellogg, A model of working memory in writing The science of writing, pp.57-71, 1996.

J. A. Kelso, On the oscillatory basis of movement, pp.18-63, 1981.

J. A. Kelso, Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination, American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.15, pp.1000-1004, 1984.

J. A. Kelso, Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior, 1995.

J. A. Kelso, J. D. Delcolle, and G. Schöner, Action-perception as a pattern formation process, Attention and Performance XIII, pp.136-169, 1990.

J. A. Kelso, K. G. Holt, P. N. Kugler, and M. T. Turvey, On the concept of coordinative structures and dissipative structures: II. Empirical lines of convergence, 1980.

J. A. Kelso, K. G. Holt, P. Rubin, and P. N. Kugler, Patterns of human interlimb coordination emerge from the properties of non-linear, limit cycle oscillatory processes: Theory and data, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.13, issue.4, pp.226-261, 1981.

J. A. Kelso and J. J. Jeka, Symmetry breaking dynamics of human multilimb coordination., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.18, issue.3, pp.645-688, 1992.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.18.3.645

J. A. Kelso and J. P. Scholz, Cooperative Phenomena in Biological Motion, Complex Systems: Operational Approaches in Neurobiology, Physics and Computers, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-70795-7_9

J. A. Kelso, J. P. Scholz, and G. Schöner, Dynamics governs switching among patterns of coordination in biological movement, Physics Letters A, vol.134, issue.1, pp.134-142, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-9601(88)90537-3

J. A. Kelso and G. Schöner, Toward a Physical (Synergetic) Theory of Biological Coordination, pp.224-237, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-72758-0_16

J. A. Kelso and G. Schöner, Self-organization of coordinative movement patterns, Human Movement Science, vol.7, issue.1, pp.27-46, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(88)90003-6

J. A. Kelso, G. Schöner, J. P. Scholz, and H. Haken, Phase-Locked Modes, Phase Transitions and Component Oscillators in Biological Motion, Physica Scripta, vol.35, issue.1, pp.79-87, 1987.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-8949/35/1/020

P. N. Kugler, J. A. Kelso, and M. T. Turvey, On the concept of coordinative structures and dissipative structures: I. Theoretical line, Tutorials in Motor Behavior, pp.3-47, 1980.

P. N. Kugler and M. T. Turvey, Information, natural law and self-assembly of rhythmic movement, 1987.

F. Lacquaniti, G. Ferrigo, J. F. Soechting, and C. Terzuolo, Changes in spatial scale in drawing and handwriting: Kinematic contributions by proximal and distal joints, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.7, pp.819-828, 1987.

F. Lacquaniti, C. A. Terzuolo, and P. Viviani, The law relating the kinematic and figural aspects of drawing movements, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.115-130, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90027-6

E. Lambert and E. Espéret, Chunking phenomena in novice writers: Changes in lexical unit size, writing speed and pauses all along the first grade year, Paper presented at the European Writing Conference, 1996.

A. B. Lelivelt, R. G. Meulenbroek, and A. J. Thomassen, Mapping abstract main axes in handwriting to hand and finger joints, 1996.

J. Levy and M. Reid, Variations in cerebral organization as a function of handedness, hand posture in writing, and sex., Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol.107, issue.2, pp.1719-1744, 1987.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-3445.107.2.119

A. Lochy, P. Zesiger, and X. Seron, Motor complexity of digits: A descriptive study through a kinematic approach, Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive: Current Psychology of Cognition, vol.20, issue.12, pp.19-36, 2001.

F. J. Maarse, L. R. Schomaker, and A. J. Thomassen, The Influence of Changes in the Effector Coordinate System on Handwriting Movements, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(09)60070-4

F. J. Maarse and A. J. Thomassen, Produced and perceived writing slant: Difference between up and down strokes, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.131-147, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90028-8

F. J. Maarse, G. P. Van-galen, and A. J. Thomassen, Models for the generation of writing units in handwriting under variation of size, slant, and orientation, Human Movement Science, vol.8, issue.3, pp.271-288, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(89)90010-9

D. I. Margolin, The neuropsychology of writing and spelling: Semantic, phonological, motor, and perceptual processes, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, vol.4, issue.3, pp.459-489, 1984.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/77.4.510

P. A. Merton, How we control the contraction of our muscles, Scientific American, vol.226, issue.5, pp.30-37, 1972.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0572-30

R. G. Meulenbroek and D. A. Rosenbaum, Limb-segment selection in drawing behaviour, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, vol.2, issue.2, pp.46-273, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/11774-000

R. G. Meulenbroek and A. J. Thomassen, Stroke-direction preferences in drawing and handwriting, Human Movement Science, vol.10, issue.2-3, pp.247-270, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(91)90006-J

R. G. Meulenbroek and A. J. Thomassen, Exploitation of elasticity as a biomechanical property in the production of graphic stroke sequences, Acta Psychologica, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.313-327, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90018-M

R. G. Meulenbroek, A. J. Thomassen, P. H. Van-lieshout, and S. P. Swinnen, The stability of pen???joint and interjoint coordination in loop writing, Acta Psychologica, vol.100, issue.1-2, pp.55-70, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-6918(98)00025-0

R. G. Meulenbroek and G. P. Van-galen, Foreperiod duration and the analysis of motor stages in a line-drawing task, Acta Psychologica, vol.69, issue.1, pp.19-34, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(88)90027-3

R. G. Meulenbroek and G. P. Van-galen, Variations in cursive handwriting performance as a function of handedness, hand posture and gender, Journal of Human Movement Studies, vol.16, pp.239-254, 1989.

R. G. Meulenbroek and G. P. Van-galen, The production of connecting strokes in cursive handwriting: Developing co-articulation in 8 to 12 year-old children, 1989.

R. G. Meulenbroek and A. W. Van-gemmert, Advances in the study of drawing and handwriting, Human Movement Science, vol.22, issue.2, pp.131-135, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00155-0

P. Morasso, Spatial control of arm movements, Experimental Brain Research, vol.42, issue.2, pp.223-227, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00236911

P. Morasso and F. A. Ivaldi, Trajectory formation and handwriting: A computational model, Biological Cybernetics, vol.32, issue.2, pp.131-142, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00335240

P. Morasso, F. A. Mussa-ivaldi, and C. Ruggiero, How a discontinuous mechanism can produce continuous patterns in trajectory formation and handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.83-98, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90025-2

P. Morasso and V. Sanguineti, Self-Organizing Body Schema for Motor Planning, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.2, issue.1, pp.131-148, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0893-6080(90)90049-Q

W. L. Nelson, Physical principles for economies of skilled movements, Biological Cybernetics, vol.1, issue.2, pp.135-147, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00339982

J. P. Orliaguet and J. L. Boe, Régulation temporelle des mouvements d'écriture en fonction des contraintes spatiales, Pratiques sportives et modélisation du geste, pp.163-177, 1990.

C. E. Peper, P. J. Beek, and P. C. Van-wieringen, Multifrequency coordination in bimanual tapping: Asymmetrical coupling and signs of supercriticality., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.21, issue.5, pp.1117-1138, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.21.5.1117

J. G. Phillips, R. M. Galluci, and J. L. Bradshaw, Functional asymmetries in the quality of handwriting movements: A kinematic analysis., Neuropsychology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.291-297, 1999.
DOI : 10.1037/0894-4105.13.2.291

H. L. Pick and H. L. Teulings, Geometric transformations of handwriting as a function of instruction and feedback, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.327-340, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90044-6

A. Pikovski, M. Rosenblum, and J. Kurths, Synchronization: A universal concept in nonlinear sciences, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511755743

R. Plamondon, A HANDWRITING MODEL BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY, 1989.
DOI : 10.1142/9789814434195_0013

R. Plamondon, On the origin of asymmetric bell-shaped velocity profiles in rapidaimed movements, Tutorials in Motor Neuroscience, pp.283-295, 1991.

R. Plamondon, Looking at handwriting generation from a velocity control perspective, Acta Psychologica, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.89-101, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90006-D

R. Plamondon, A delta lognormal model for handwriting generation, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Biennal Conference International Graphonomics Society, pp.126-127, 1995.

R. Plamondon, A kinematic theory of rapid human movements, Biological Cybernetics, vol.18, issue.4, pp.295-307, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00202785

R. Plamondon, A Kinematic Theory of Rapid Human Movements: Part II: Movement Time and Control, Biological Cybernetics, vol.74, issue.4, pp.295-307, 1995.

R. Plamondon, A. Alimi, P. Yergeau, and F. Leclerc, Modelling velocity profiles of rapid movements: a comparative study, Biological Cybernetics, vol.18, issue.2, pp.119-128, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00226195

R. Plamondon and B. Clément, Dependence of peripheral and central parameters describing handwriting generation on movement direction, Human Movement Science, vol.10, issue.2-3, pp.193-221, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(91)90004-H

R. Plamondon, C. Feng, and A. Woch, A kinematic theory of rapid human movement. Part IV: a formal mathematical proof and new insights, Biological Cybernetics, vol.89, issue.2, pp.126-138, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00422-003-0407-9

R. Plamondon and W. Guerfali, The generation of handwriting with delta-lognormal synergies, Biological Cybernetics, vol.78, issue.2, pp.119-132, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s004220050419

R. Plamondon and F. Lamarche, Modelization of Handwriting: A System Approach, Graphonomics: Contemporary Research in Handwriting, pp.169-183, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(09)60079-0

R. Plamondon and F. J. Maarse, An evaluation of motor models of handwriting, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1060-1072, 1989.
DOI : 10.1109/21.44021

K. A. Provins, Handedness and speech: A critical reappraisal of the role of genetic and environmental factors in the cerebral lateralization of function., Psychological Review, vol.104, issue.3, pp.554-571, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.104.3.554

K. L. Provins and J. Magliaro, The Measurement of Handedness by Preference and Performance Tests, Brain and Cognition, vol.22, issue.2, pp.171-181, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/brcg.1993.1032

M. H. Raibert, Motor control and learning by the state-space model, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 1977.

D. Rogers and B. Found, The objective measurement of spatial invariance in handwriting, Handwriting and Drawing Research: Basic and Applied Issues, pp.3-13, 1996.

M. Rosenblum, A. Pikovsky, and J. Kurths, Phase Synchronization of Chaotic Oscillators, Physical Review Letters, vol.76, issue.11, pp.1804-1807, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.1804

M. Rosenblum, A. Pikovsky, J. Kurths, C. Scafer, and P. Tass, Phase synchronization: From theory to data analysis, Handbook of Biological Physics, pp.279-321, 2001.

I. Sallagoïty, S. Athènes, P. G. Zanone, and J. M. Albaret, Stability of Coordination Patterns in Handwriting: Effects of Speed and Hand, Motor Control, vol.8, issue.4, pp.405-421, 2004.
DOI : 10.1123/mcj.8.4.405

R. S. Sassoon, I. Nimmo-smith, and A. M. Wing, DEVELOPING EFFICIENCY IN CURSIVE HANDWRITING: AN ANALYSIS OF ???t??? CROSSING BEHAVIOUR IN CHILDREN, 1989.
DOI : 10.1142/9789814434195_0020

S. Schaal and D. Sternad, Origins and violations of the 2/3 power law in rhythmic three-dimensional arm movements, Experimental Brain Research, vol.136, issue.1, pp.60-72, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002210000505

J. J. Schillings, R. G. Meulenbroek, and A. J. Thomassen, Decomposing trajectory modifications: Pen-tip versus kinematics, Handwriting and Drawing Research: Basic and Applied Issues, pp.71-85, 1996.

R. A. Schmidt, A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning., Psychological Review, vol.82, issue.4, pp.225-260, 1975.
DOI : 10.1037/h0076770

R. A. Schmidt, Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis, 1988.

R. C. Schmidt, P. Beek, P. J. Treffner, and M. T. Turvey, Dynamical substructure of coordinated rhythmic movements., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.17, issue.3, pp.635-651, 1991.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.17.3.635

R. C. Schmidt, C. Carello, and M. T. Turvey, Phase transitions and critical fluctuations in the visual coordination of rhythmic movements between people., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.16, issue.2, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.16.2.227

R. C. Schmidt, B. K. Shaw, and M. T. Turvey, Coupling dynamics in interlimb coordination., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.19, issue.2, pp.397-415, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.19.2.397

R. C. Schmidt and M. T. Turvey, Models of interlimb coordination???Equilibria, local analyses, and spectral patterning: Comment on Fuchs and Kelso (1994)., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.21, issue.2, pp.432-443, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.21.2.432

J. P. Scholz and J. A. Kelso, A Quantitative Approach to Understanding the Formation and Change of Coordinated Movement Patterns, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.33, issue.2, pp.122-144, 1989.
DOI : 10.1080/00222895.1989.10735470

J. P. Scholz and J. A. Kelso, Intentional Switching Between Patterns of Bimanual Coordination Depends on the Intrinsic Dynamics of the Patterns, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.33, issue.1, pp.98-124, 1990.
DOI : 10.1080/00222895.1990.10735504

J. P. Scholz, J. A. Kelso, and G. Schöner, Nonequilibrium phase transitions in coordinated biological motion: Critical slowing down and switching time, Physics Letters A, vol.123, issue.8, pp.123-390, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-9601(87)90038-7

L. R. Schomaker and R. Plamondon, The relation between pen force and pen-point kinematics in handwriting, Biological Cybernetics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.277-289, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00203451

L. R. Schomaker and H. L. Teulings, A handwriting recognition system based on properties of the human motor system, Frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp.195-209, 1990.

L. R. Schomaker, A. J. Thomassen, and H. L. Teulings, A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF CURSIVE HANDWRITING, Computer Recognition and Human Production of Handwriting, pp.153-177, 1989.
DOI : 10.1142/9789814434195_0012

G. Schöner, From Interlimb Coordination to Trajectory Formation, Interlimb Coordination: Neural, Dynamical, and Cognitive Constraints, pp.339-368, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-679270-6.50022-X

G. Schöner, H. Haken, and J. A. Kelso, A stochastic theory of phase transitions in human hand movement, Biological Cybernetics, vol.65, issue.4, pp.247-257, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00336995

G. Schöner and J. A. Kelso, A dynamic pattern theory of behavioral change, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.135, issue.4, pp.501-524, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5193(88)80273-X

G. Schöner and J. A. Kelso, A synergetic theory of environmentally-specified and learned patterns of movement coordination, Biological Cybernetics, vol.37, issue.2, pp.71-80, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00364153

G. Schöner and J. A. Kelso, A synergetic theory of environmentally-specified and learned patterns of movement coordination, Biological Cybernetics, vol.37, issue.2, pp.81-89, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00364154

G. Schöner, W. Y. Yiang, and J. A. Kelso, A synergetic theory of quadrupedal gaits and gait transitions, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.142, issue.3, pp.359-391, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80558-2

G. Schöner, P. G. Zanone, and J. A. Kelso, Learning as Change of Coordination Dynamics: Theory and Experiment, Journal of Motor Behavior, vol.123, issue.1, pp.29-48, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00337040

D. J. Serrien and S. Swinnen, Isofrequency and Multifrequency: Coordination Patterns as a Function of the Planes of Motion, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, vol.50, issue.2, pp.368-404, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/027249897392143

D. J. Serrien and S. P. Swinnen, Intentional switching between behavioral patterns of homologous and nonhomologous effector combinations., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.25, issue.5, pp.1253-1267, 1999.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.25.5.1253

Y. Singer and N. Tishby, Dynamical encoding of cursive handwriting, Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.227-237, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1993.341108

C. J. Smethurst and R. G. Carson, The acquisition of movement skills: Practice enhances the dynamic stability of bimanual coordination, Human Movement Science, vol.20, issue.4-5, pp.499-529, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00065-3

M. M. Smyth and G. Silver, Functions of vision in the control of handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.65, issue.1, pp.47-64, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(87)90046-1

S. P. Springer and G. Deutsch, The Left Brain and Right Brain., PsycCRITIQUES, vol.24, issue.4, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/019095

G. E. Stelmach and H. L. Teulings, Response characteristics of prepared and restructured handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.51-67, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90022-7

D. Sternad and S. Schaal, Segmentation of endpoint trajectories does not imply segmented control, Experimental Brain Research, vol.124, issue.1, pp.118-136, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002210050606

S. Sternberg, The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method, Acta Psychologica, vol.30, pp.276-315, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(69)90055-9

S. Sternberg, S. Monsell, R. L. Knoll, and W. E. Wright, The Latency and Duration of Rapid Movement Sequences: Comparisons of Speech and Typewriting, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-665960-3.50011-6

. Stelmach, Information processing in motor control and learning

J. J. Temprado, A. Monno, P. G. Zanone, and J. A. Kelso, Attentional demands reflect learning-induced alterations of bimanual coordination dynamics, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.20, issue.7, pp.1-6, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02190.x

H. L. Teulings, Handwriting movement control, Handbook of Perception and Action, pp.561-613, 1996.

H. L. Teulings, P. A. Mullins, and G. E. Stelmach, The Elementary Units of Programming in Handwriting, Graphonomics: Contemporary Research in Handwriting, pp.21-32, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(09)60069-8

H. L. Teulings and L. R. Schomaker, Simulation of impairment of force amplitude and force timing in Parkinsonian handwriting, Tutorials in Motor Behavior, pp.425-442, 1992.

H. L. Teulings and L. R. Schomaker, Invariant properties between stroke features in handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90005-C

H. L. Teulings, A. J. Thomassen, and F. J. Maarse, A DESCRIPTION OF HANDWRITING IN TERMS OF MAIN AXES, Computer Recognition and Human Production of Handwriting, pp.193-211, 1989.
DOI : 10.1142/9789814434195_0014

H. L. Teulings, A. J. Thomassen, and G. P. Van-galen, Preparation of partly precued handwriting movements: The size of movement units in handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.165-177, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90031-8

H. L. Teulings, A. J. Thomassen, and G. P. Van-galen, Invariants in Handwriting: The Information Contained in a Motor Program, Graphonomics: Comtemporary Research in Handwriting, pp.305-315, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(09)60089-3

A. J. Thomassen and R. G. Meulenbroek, Effects of manipulating horizontal progression in handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.329-352, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90019-N

A. J. Thomassen and R. G. Meulenbroek, Low-frequency periodicity in the coordination of progressive handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.100, issue.1-2, pp.133-144, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-6918(98)00030-4

A. J. Thomassen, R. G. Meulenbroek, and B. M. Lelivelt, Multiple adaptations to externally controlled velocity in handwriting, 1994.

A. J. Thomassen, R. G. Meulenbroek, J. J. Schillings, and R. G. Steenbergen, Adaptative shifts in hand-finger coordination during handwriting across the page, Handwriting and Drawing Research: Basic and Applied Issues, pp.15-27, 1996.

A. J. Thomassen, R. G. Meulenbroek, P. H. Van-lieshout, and S. Swinnen, Phase relations among effector-segment and pen-tip movements in handwriting, Proceedings of the eighth biennial conference of the International Graphonomics Society, p.22, 1997.

A. J. Thomassen and L. R. Schomaker, Between-Letter Context Effects in Handwriting Trajectories, Graphonomics: Contemporary Research in Handwriting, pp.253-272, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(09)60086-8

A. J. Thomassen and H. L. Teulings, Constancy in stationary and progressive handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.179-196, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90032-X

A. J. Thomassen and H. L. Teulings, Time, Size and Shape in Handwriting: Exploring Spatio-temporal Relationships at Different Levels, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-70491-8_17

A. J. Thomassen and H. J. Tibosch, A Quantitative Model of Graphic Production, Tutorials in Motor Neuroscience. Netherland: Kluwer Academic, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-3626-6_22

B. Tuller and J. A. Kelso, Environmentally-specified patterns of movement coordination in normal and split-brain subjects, Experimental Brain Research, vol.75, issue.2, pp.306-316, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00247936

M. T. Tuller, P. Case, M. Ding, and J. A. Kelso, The nonlinear dynamics of speech categorization., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.20, issue.1, pp.3-16, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.20.1.3

M. T. Turvey, Preliminaries to a theory of action with reference to vision Perceiving, acting and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology, 1977.

M. T. Turvey, Coordination., American Psychologist, vol.45, issue.8, pp.938-953, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.938

R. E. Van-der-plaats and G. P. Van-galen, Allographic variability in adult handwriting, Human Movement Science, vol.10, issue.2-3, pp.291-300, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(91)90008-L

R. R. Van-doorn and P. J. Keuss, The role of vision in the temporal and spatial control of handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.81, issue.3, pp.269-286, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(92)90021-5

R. E. Van-emmerick and K. M. Newell, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEN-POINT AND JOINT KINEMATICS IN HANDWRITING AND DRAWING, 1989.
DOI : 10.1142/9789814434195_0016

. Simner, Computer Recognition and Human Production of Handwriting (pp. 231-248)

R. E. Van-emmerick and K. M. Newell, The influence of task and organismic constraints on intralimb and pen-point kinematics in a drawing task, Acta Psychologica, vol.73, issue.2, pp.171-190, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(90)90078-T

G. P. Van-galen, Storage and retrieval of handwriting patterns: A two stage model of complex behavior, Tutorials in Motor Behavior, pp.567-578, 1980.

G. P. Van-galen, Phonological and motoric demands in handwriting: Evidence for discrete transmission of information, Acta Psychologica, vol.74, issue.2-3, pp.259-275, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(90)90008-4

G. P. Van-galen, Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory, Human Movement Science, vol.10, issue.2-3, pp.165-191, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(91)90003-G

G. P. Van-galen and H. L. Teulings, The independent monitoring of form and scale factors in handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.9-22, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90020-3

G. P. Van-galen, H. L. Teulings, and J. Sanders, On the interdependence of motor programming and feedback processing in handwriting, 1994.

G. P. Van-galen and J. F. Weber, On-line size control in handwriting demonstrates the continuous nature of motor programs, Acta Psychologica, vol.100, issue.1-2, pp.195-216, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-6918(98)00034-1

H. Van-mier and W. Hulstjin, The effects of motor complexity and practice on initiation time in writing and drawing, Acta Psychologica, vol.84, issue.3, pp.231-251, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90062-V

P. Van-sommers, Drawing and cognition: Descriptive and experimental studies of graphic production processes, 1984.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511897672

P. Viviani, Do units of motor action really exist? Generation and Modulation of Action Patterns, pp.201-216, 1986.

P. Viviani, Les habiletés motrices, Traité de Psychologie Expérimentale -Tome I, pp.777-857, 1994.

P. Viviani and M. Cenzato, Segmentation and coupling in complex movements., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.11, issue.6, pp.828-845, 1985.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.11.6.828

P. Viviani and T. Flash, Minimum-jerk, two-thirds power law, and isochrony: converging approaches to movement planning., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.21, issue.1, pp.32-53, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.21.1.32

P. Viviani and G. Laissard, Timing control in motor sequences, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60758-X

. Wolff, The Development of Timing Control and Temporal Organization in Coordinated Action (pp. 1-36)

P. Viviani and G. Mccollum, The relation between linear extent and velocity in drawing movements, Neuroscience, vol.10, issue.1, pp.211-218, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90094-5

P. Viviani and R. Schneider, A developmental study of the relationship between geometry and kinematics in drawing movements., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.17, issue.1, pp.198-218, 1991.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.17.1.198

P. Viviani and N. Stucchi, Biological movements look uniform: Evidence of motor-perceptual interactions., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.18, issue.3, pp.603-623, 1992.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.18.3.603

P. Viviani and C. Terzuolo, 32 Space-Time Invariance in Learned Motor Skills, Tutorials in Motor Behavior, pp.525-533, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)61967-6

P. Viviani and C. A. Terzuolo, Trajectory determines movement dynamics, Neuroscience, vol.7, issue.2, pp.431-437, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90277-9

P. Viviani and C. A. Terzuolo, The organization of movement in handwriting and typing, Language Production, pp.103-146, 1983.

J. Vredenbregt and W. G. Koster, Analysis and synthesis of handwriting, Philips Technical Review, vol.32, pp.73-78, 1971.

Y. Wada and M. Kawato, A theory for cursive handwriting based on the minimization principle, Biological Cybernetics, vol.73, issue.3, pp.3-13, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00199051

J. P. Wann and I. Nimmo-smith, Evidence against the relative invariance of timing in handwriting, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, vol.14, issue.1, pp.105-119, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-9457(84)90011-3

J. P. Wann, I. Nimmo-smith, and A. M. Wing, Relation between velocity and curvature in movement: Equivalence and divergence between a power law and a minimum-jerk model., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.14, issue.4, pp.622-637, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.14.4.622

A. M. Wing, Response Timing in Handwriting, Information Processing in Motor Control and Learning, pp.153-172, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-665960-3.50012-8

A. M. Wing, The height of handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.46, issue.2, pp.141-151, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(80)90006-2

A. M. Wing, Motor control: Mechanisms of motor equivalence in handwriting, Current Biology, vol.10, issue.6, pp.245-248, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00375-4

A. M. Wing, I. Nimmo-smith, and M. A. Eldridge, The consistency of cursive letter formation as a function of position in the word, Acta Psychologica, vol.54, issue.1-3, pp.197-204, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90033-1

C. E. Wright, Generalized motor programs: Reexamining claims of effector independence in writing Attention and Performance XIII, 1990.

C. E. Wright, Evaluating the special role of time in the control of handwriting, Acta Psychologica, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.5-52, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90003-A

J. Yamanishi, M. Kawato, and R. Suzuki, Two coupled oscillators as a model for the coordinated finger tapping by both hands, Biological Cybernetics, vol.33, issue.4, pp.219-225, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00337040

. F. Yates, Self-organizing systems. The emergence of order, 1987.

P. G. Zanone and J. A. Kelso, Evolution of behavioral attractors with learning: Nonequilibrium phase transitions., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.18, issue.2, pp.403-421, 1992.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.18.2.403

P. G. Zanone and J. A. Kelso, Coordination dynamics of learning and transfer: Collective and component levels., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol.23, issue.5, pp.1454-1480, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.23.5.1454