I. Ahmad and Y. K. Kwok, On exploiting task duplication in parallel program scheduling, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, pp.872-892, 1998.

I. Ahmad, Y. K. Kwok, and M. Y. Wu, Performance comparison of algorithms for static scheduling of dags to multiprocessors, Proceedings of the 2nd Australian Conference on Parallel and Real-Time Systems, pp.185-192, 1995.

I. Assayad, A. Girault, and H. Kalla, A bi-criteria scheduling heuristic for distributed embedded systems under reliability and real-time constraints, International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2004, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/DSN.2004.1311904

N. Auluck and D. P. , Reliability driven, non-preemptive real time scheduling of periodic tasks on heterogeneous systems, Fourteenth IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems, pp.803-809, 2002.

A. Avizienis, Design of fault-tolerant computers, Proceedings of the November 14-16, 1967, fall joint computer conference on, AFIPS '67 (Fall), pp.733-743, 1967.
DOI : 10.1145/1465611.1465708

A. Avizienis, Dependable systems of the future : What is still needed ? In Building the information society, 18th IFIP World Computer Congress, pp.79-90, 2004.

A. Avizienis, J. Laprie, and B. Randell, Dependability and Its Threats: A Taxonomy, Building the information society, 18th IFIP World Computer Congress, pp.91-120, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-8157-6_13

A. Banerjea, Simulation study of the capacity effects of dispersity routing for fault-tolerant real-time channels, SIGCOMM Symposium, pp.194-205, 1996.

]. Beauvais, ´ Etude d'algorithmes de placement de t ? aches temps-réel périodiques complexes dans un système réparti, 1996.

G. Bracha, Resilient consensus protocols, Proceedings of the second annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing , PODC '83, 1983.
DOI : 10.1145/800221.806706

A. Burns and A. Wellings, Real-time systems and programming languages, 1997.

E. Cabau, IntrodutionàIntrodution`Introdutionà la conception de la sûreté, 1999.

B. Chen, S. Kamat, and W. Zhao, Fault-tolerant real-time communication in FDDI-based networks, IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, pp.141-151, 1995.

D. J. Chen, M. Chang, M. C. Sheng, and M. S. Horng, Time constrained distributed program reliability analysis, Journal of Information Sciences and Engineering, vol.117, issue.14, pp.891-911, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/spdp.1993.395454

P. Chevochot and I. Puaut, Scheduling fault-tolerant distributed hard real-time tasks independently of the replication strategie, The 6th International Conference on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA'99), pp.356-363, 1999.

A. Colin, I. Puaut, C. Rochange, and P. Sainrat, Calcul de majorants de pire temps d'ex??cution : ??tat de l'art, Techniques et Sciences Informatiques (TSI), pp.651-677, 2003.
DOI : 10.3166/tsi.22.651-677

C. Constantinescu, Impact of deep submicro technology on dependability of VLSI circuits, International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, DSN'02, 2002.

M. Cosnard and A. Ferreira, ON THE REAL POWER OF LOOSELY COUPLED PARALLEL ARCHITECTURES, Parallel Processing Letters, vol.01, issue.02, pp.103-112, 1991.
DOI : 10.1142/S0129626491000057

C. Dima, A. Girault, C. Lavarenne, and Y. Sorel, Off-line real-time fault-tolerant scheduling [22] A. Dogan and F. ¨ Ozgüner. Optimal and suboptimal reliable scheduling of precedenceconstrained tasks in heterogeneous distributed computing, Euromicro Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Processing Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Parallel Processeing, pp.410-417, 2000.

S. Dulman, T. Nieberg, J. Wu, and P. Havinga, Trade-off between traffic overhead and reliability in multipath routing for wireless sensor networks, 2003 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking, 2003. WCNC 2003., 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/WCNC.2003.1200680

G. Durairaj, Evaluating the reliability of Distributed Real-Time Systems, 1999.

P. Felber, X. Défago, P. Eugster, and A. Schiper, Replicating CORBA Objects: A Marriage between Active and Passive Replication, Second IFIP International Working Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems (DAIS'99), pp.375-387, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-35565-8_30

P. Fragopoulou and S. G. , Fault tolerant communication algorithms on the star network using disjoint paths, Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/HICSS.1995.375483

C. Gagné, M. Gravel, and W. L. Price, Recherche de solutions de compromis en ordonnancementàcement`cementà l'aide de metaheuristiques. InQuatrì eme conférence francophone de modélisation et simulation -MOSIM'03, 2003.

M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson, Computers and intractability, a guide to the theory of NPcompleteness, 1979.

A. Girault, H. Kalla, M. Sighireanu, and Y. Sorel, An algorithm for automatically obtaining distributed and fault-tolerant staassatic schedule, The International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2003.

A. Girault, H. Kalla, and Y. Sorel, Une heuristique d'ordonnancement et de distribution tolérante aux pannes pour systèmes temps-réel embarqués, Modélisation des Systèmes Réactifs, MSR'03, pp.145-160, 2003.

A. Girault, H. Kalla, and Y. Sorel, An Active Replication Scheme That Tolerates Failures in Distributed Embedded Real-Time Systems, IFIP Working Conference on Distributed and Parallel Embedded Systems, DIPES'04, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-8149-9_9

A. Girault, H. Kalla, and Y. Sorel, A scheduling heuristics for distributed real-time embedded systems tolerant to processor and communication media failures, International Journal of Production Research, vol.48, issue.14, pp.2877-2898, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-8191(93)90079-Z

A. Girault, C. Lavarenne, M. Sighireanu, and Y. Sorel, Fault-tolerant static scheduling for real-time distributed embedded systems, Proceedings 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp.695-698, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ICDSC.2001.919002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00072638

T. Grandpierre, Modélisation d´architecture paralì eles hétérogènes pour la génération automatique d´exécutifs distribués temps réel optimisés, 2000.

T. Grandpierre, C. Lavarenne, and Y. Sorel, Optimized rapid prototyping for real-time embedded heterogeneous multiprocessors, Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on Hardware/software codesign , CODES '99, 1999.
DOI : 10.1145/301177.301489

R. Guerraoui and A. Schiper, Fault-tolerance by replication in distributed systems, Proceeding Conference on Reliable Software Technologies, pp.38-57, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BFb0013477

R. Guerraoui and A. Schiper, Software-based replication for fault tolerance, Computer, vol.30, issue.4, pp.68-74, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/2.585156

S. Han and K. G. Shin, Fast restoration of real-time communication service from component failures in multi-hop networks, SIGCOMM Symposium, 1997.

K. Hashimoto, T. Tsuchiya, and T. Kikuno, Effective scheduling of duplicated tasks for fault-tolerance in multiprocessor systems, IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, issue.3, pp.85-525, 2002.

Y. He, Z. Shao, B. Xiao, Q. Zhuge, and E. Sha, Reliability driven task scheduling for tightly coupled heterogeneous systems, IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems, 2003.

M. Hiller, Software fault-tolerance techniques from a real-time systems point of view, SE- 412 96 Göteborg Sweden, 1998.

P. Jalote, Fault-Tolerance in Distributed Systems, 1994.

N. Kandasamy, J. P. Hayes, and B. T. Murray, Dependable communication synthesis for distributed embedded systems, 22nd Int'l Conf. on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, 2003.

B. Kao, H. Garcia-molina, and D. Barbara, Aggressive transmissions of short messages over redundant paths, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, pp.102-109, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/71.262594

S. Kartik, C. Siva, and R. Murthy, Improved task-allocation algorithms to maximize reliability of redundant distributed computing systems, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.44, issue.4, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/24.475976

S. Kartik, C. Siva, and R. Murthy, Task allocation algorithms for maximizing reliability of distributed computing systems, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.46, issue.6, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/12.600888

R. Kocik, Sur l´optimisation des systèmessyst`systèmes distribués temps-réel embarqués : application au protypage rapide d´un véhiculé electrique autonome, 2000.

H. Kopetz, The Fault Hypothesis for The Time-Triggered Architecture, Building the information society, 18th IFIP World Computer Congress, pp.220-233, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-8157-6_20

C. Lavarenne, O. Seghrouchni, Y. Sorel, and M. Sorine, The syndex software environment for real-time distributed systems design and implementation, European Control Conference, 1991.

C. Lavarenne and Y. Sorel, Modèle unifié pour la conception conjointe logiciel-matériel, 1997.

J. K. Lenstra and A. H. Kan, Complexity of Scheduling under Precedence Constraints, Operations Research, vol.26, issue.1, pp.22-35, 1978.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.26.1.22

M. S. Lin, M. Chang, and D. J. Chen, Efficient algorithms for reliability analysis of distributed computing systems, Information Sciences, vol.117, issue.1-2, pp.89-106, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-0255(99)00003-1

M. S. Lin, D. J. Chen, and M. S. Horng, The Reliability Analysis of Distributed Computing Systems with Imperfect Nodes, The Computer Journal, vol.42, issue.2, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/comjnl/42.2.129

O. Lundkvist, Implementation of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Real-Time Multiprocessor Scheduling, 1997.

J. Rose, M. D. Hutton, J. P. Grossman, and D. G. , Characterization and parameterized random generation of digital circuits, Design Automation Conference, pp.94-99, 1996.

K. Marzullo and M. Wood, Making real-time reactive systems reliable, Fourth European SIGOPS Workshop, 1990.

J. K. Muppala, G. Ciardo, and K. Trivedi, Stochastic reward nets for reliability prediction

L. 'usine-nouvelle, Spécial industrie 2004 : mécanique, toujours plus de performances. magasine, 2004.

Y. Oh and S. H. Son, Scheduling real-time tasks for dependability, Journal of the Operational Research Society, vol.48, issue.6, pp.629-639, 1997.
DOI : 10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600413

B. Parhami, Voting algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.43, issue.4, pp.617-629, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/24.370218

D. Powell, Failure mode assumptions and assumption coverage, International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-79789-7_8
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.56.5363

X. Qin, Z. F. Han, H. Jin, L. P. Pang, and S. L. Li, Real-time fault-tolerant scheduling in heterogeneous distributed systems, Proceeding of the International Workshop on Cluster Computing-Technologies, Environments, and Applications (CC-TEA'2000), 2000.

X. Qin and H. Jiang, Dynamic, reliability-driven scheduling of parallel real-time jobs in heterogeneous systems, International Conference on Parallel Processing, 2001., pp.113-122, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ICPP.2001.952053

X. Qin, H. Jiang, and D. R. Swanson, An efficient fault-tolerant scheduling algorithm for realtime tasks with precedence constraints in heterogeneous systems, Proceedings of the 31th International Conference on Parallel Processing, pp.360-386, 2002.

P. Ramanathan and K. G. Shin, Delivery of time-critical messages using a multiple copy approach, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol.10, issue.2, pp.144-166, 1992.
DOI : 10.1145/128899.128902

J. Reisinger and A. Steininger, The design of a fail-silent processing node for the predictable hard real-time system MARS, Distributed Systems Engineering, vol.1, issue.2, 1993.
DOI : 10.1088/0967-1846/1/2/005

J. Rushby, Critical system properties: survey and taxonomy, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol.43, issue.2, pp.189-219, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0951-8320(94)90065-5
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.38.7809

R. A. Sahner and K. S. Trivedi, A hierarchial, combinatorial-markov model of solving complex reliability models, Proceedings of 1986 ACM Fall joint computer conference, pp.817-825, 1986.

R. D. Schilichting and F. B. Schneider, Fail-stop processors: an approach to designing fault-tolerant computing systems, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol.1, issue.3, pp.145-154, 1983.
DOI : 10.1145/357369.357371

R. Seindal, Gnu m4, a power ful macro processor

S. M. Shatz, J. P. Wang, and M. Goto, Task allocation for maximizing reliability of distributed computer systems, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.41, issue.9, pp.156-168, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/12.165396

Y. Sorel, Massively parallel computing systems with real time constraints: the "Algorithm Architecture Adequation" methodology, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Massively Parallel Computing Systems (MPCS) The Challenges of General-Purpose and Special-Purpose Computing, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/MPCS.1994.367018

Y. Sorel, Syndex : un logiciel de cao niveau système pour l aidè a l implantation d applications distribuées temps réel embarquées, Inquatrì emes Journées Nationales de la Recherche en Robotique (JNRR 03), 2003.

S. Srinivasan and N. K. Jha, Safety and reliability driven task allocation in distributed systems, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol.10, issue.3, pp.238-251, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/71.755824

N. Suri and K. Ramamritham, Editorial: special section on dependable real-time systems, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol.10, issue.6, pp.529-531, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/TPDS.1999.774904

M. Thomas and E. W. Zegur, Generation and analysis of random graphs to model internetworks, College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994.

W. Torres-pomales, Software fault tolerance : A tutorial, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000.

P. Traverse, I. Lacaze, and J. Souyris, Airbus Fly-By-Wire: A Total Approach To Dependability, Building the information society, 18th IFIP World Computer Congress, pp.191-212, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-8157-6_18

A. Vicard, Formalisation et optimisation des systèmes informatiques distribués temps-réel embarqués, 1999.

R. A. Walker and S. Chaudhuri, High-level synthesis : Introduction to the scheduling problem, IEEE Design & Test, 1995.

T. Yang and A. Gerasoulis, List scheduling with and without communication delays, Parallel Computing, vol.19, issue.12, pp.1321-1344, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-8191(93)90079-Z

Y. C. Yeh, Unique Dependability Issues for Commercial Airplane Fly by Wire Systems, 18th IFIP World Computer Congress, pp.213-220, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-8157-6_19

Q. Zheng and K. G. Shin, Fault-tolerant real-time communication in distributed computing systems, [1992] Digest of Papers. FTCS-22: The Twenty-Second International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp.470-480, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/FTCS.1992.243612