]. J. Bibliographie-[-aarts85, &. T. Aarts, and . Heuvel, Computational Tools for the Syntactic Analysis of Corpora, Linguistics, vol.23, issue.1, pp.303-335, 1985.

]. G. Adriaens90, &. M. Adriaens, and . Lemmens, The Self Extending Lexicon : Off-line and On-line Defaulting of Lexical Information in the METAL Machine Translation System, Proc. Coling-90, pp.20-25, 1990.

A. Ampornaramveth, SAIKAM: An online dictionary development project, Proc. of the 4th Workshop on Academic Information Networks and Systems, février 98, NACSIS seminar house, 1998.

A. Ampornaramveth, A. Aizawa, K. Oyama, and &. Methapisit, An Internet-Based Collaborative Dictionary Development Project: SAIKAM, First International Symposium on Advanced Informatics, Proc. AdInfo, 2000.

]. F. Antoine92 and . Antoine, Dictionnaire(s) mode(s) d'emploi, 1992.

]. B. Atkins92 and . Atkins, Tools for computer-aided corpus lexicography: the Hector Project, Proc. COMPLEX'92, Conference on Computational Lexicography and text research Linguistics Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, pp.3-59, 1992.

D. Bauer, F. , and A. Zaenen, Enriching a SGML-tagged bilingual dictionary for machine-aided comprehension, 1994.

[. Bachut, ATLAS, manuel d'utilisation. GETA, rapport interne, 1984.

N. Verastegui, Software tools for the environment of a computer aided translation system, Proc. COLING-84, 1984.

[. Blanc, Une maquette de base lexicale multilinguè a pivot lexical: PARAX. Lexicomatique et Dictionnairique, Actes du colloque LTT, Lyon septembre 1995, pp.43-58, 1996.

E. Blanc, PARAX-UNL: a Large Scale Hypertextual Multilingual Lexical Database, Proceedings 5th Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium, pp.507-510, 1999.

[. Boguraev, Computational lexicography for natural language processing, 1989.

[. Boitet, Crucial open problems in Machine Translation &Interpretation, Proc. BKK'93, pp.17-20, 1993.

[. Boitet, . Ta, and . Taoàtao, TAOà Grenoble : 32 ans déjà! TAL (revue semestrielle de l'ATALA), pp.45-84, 1993.

[. Boitet, Factors for success (and failure) in Machine Translation -some lessons of the first 50 years of R&D. 5th Machine Translation Summit, 1995.

[. Boitet, Machine-Aided Human Translation. Sections 8.3 & 8Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology, pp.288-294, 1995.

[. Boitet, E. Blanc, M. Mangeot-lerebours, P. Guillaume, N. Nédeau et al., Processing of French in the UNL Project (Year 1). Final Report, 1998.

[. Seligman, Architecture: A Way to Integrate Heterogeneous Components of NLP Systems, Proc. COLING-94, pp.5-9, 1994.

M. Boufa¨?daboufa¨?da and &. Zizette-boufriche-boufa¨?daboufa¨?da, On extending a Semantic Data Model with Some Aspects of Rules and Objects, Proceedings of the 5th KRDB Workshop, 1998.

[. Bonhomme, Transformation de documents structurés, une combinaison des approches explicites et automatique, Thèse de nouveau doctorat, Spécialité Informatique, 1998.

]. A. Buseman96 and . Buseman, The Linguist's Shoebox Summer Institute of Linguistics Tools and Methods for Computational Lexicology, Journal of Computational Linguistics, vol.111, issue.13, pp.3-4, 1987.

[. Calzolari, Acquisition of Lexical Information from a Large Textual Italian Corpus, Proc. COLING-90, pp.54-59, 1990.

[. Calzolari and &. R. Bindi, Lexical Databases and Textual Corpora : Perspectives of Integration for a Lexical Knowledge Base, 1989.

]. K. Church94 and . Church, Unix (TM) for Poets, Proc. ELSNET, European Summer School, 1994.

[. Connolly, XML Principles, Tools and Techniques World Wide Web Journal, 1997.

. Mariehéì-ene-corréard-&mathieu-mangeot-lerebours, XML-A Solution For LDBs, Proc. COMPLEX'99, 1999.

J. Coutaz, Interface Homme-ordinateur: Conception et Réalisation, Thèse d' ´ Etat, 1988.

]. H. Cunningham96, R. J. Cunningham, &. Gaizauskas, and . Wilks, GATE: A General Architecture for Text Engineering, p.95, 1996.

]. H. Cunningham97 and . Cunningham, Interface Homme-ordinateur : Conception et Réalisation, DCS, vol.9, 1997.

]. D. Curbow95, &. E. Curbow, and . Dykstra-erickson, The OpenDoc User Experience, MacTech, vol.22, pp.83-97, 1995.

[. Descotte, J. Husson, L. Romary, M. Van-campenhoudt, and &. Viscogliosi, Dhydro : a generic environment developed to edit and access multilingual terminological data on the Internet. 2e Ccnférence internationale sur la terminologie maritime, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00099352

[. Descotte, J. Husson, L. Romary, M. Van-campenhoudt, and &. Viscogliosi, From specialised lexicography to conceptual databases : which format for a multilingual maritime dictionary? 2e conférence internationale sur la terminologie maritime, 2000.

. Doan-nguyen98b-]-ha¨?ha¨?-doan-nguyen, Accumulation of Lexical Sets: Acquisition of Dictionary Resources and Production of New Lexical Sets, 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proc. COLING-ACL'98, pp.10-14, 1998.

B. William, &. Dolan, D. Stephen, and . Richardson, Interactive Lexical Priming for Disambiguation, Proc. MIDDIM'96, Post-COLING seminar on Interactive, pp.12-14, 1996.

[. Dutoit, A set-theoretic approach to lexical semantics, Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.982-987, 1992.
DOI : 10.3115/992383.992416

[. Edr, EDR Electronic Dictionary Technical Guide, pp.16-1993, 1993.

[. Farwell, L. Guthrie, and &. Wilks, The automatic creation of lexical entries for a multilingual MT system, Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.532-538, 1992.
DOI : 10.3115/992133.992153

]. L. Fedder91, J. Fedder, &. S. Mcnaught, and . Smith, Typed Feature Logic and its role in MULTI- LEX.Centre for Computational Linguistics, 1991.

[. Fellbaum, WordNet, an Electronic Lexical Database, 1998.

[. Fischer and &. Georges-fafiotte, BLAK, un assistant de découverte des caractères chinois fonctionnant par accès dynamiquè a des ressources lexicales, Proc. NLP+IA 98, pp.13-17, 1998.

[. Gaschler and &. Mathieu-lafourcade, Manipulating human-oriented dictionaries with very simple tools, Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.283-286, 1994.
DOI : 10.3115/991886.991934
URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9411026

[. Gaschler and &. Mathieu-lafourcade, A Case of Building and Manipulating a Dictionary with Very Simple Tools: the FEM Dictionary, Proc. Proc. ICLA, Penang (Malaysia), pp.26-28, 1994.

[. Genelex, Projet Eureka Genelex, modèle sémantique. Rapport Technique, Projet Eureka, vol.185, 1993.

[. Gut, P. Rashida-megat-ramli, Z. Yusoff, C. Choy-kim, S. A. Samat et al., Kamus Perancis- Melayu Dewan, dictionnaire français-malais, 1996.

[. Heid, M. Hein, and &. O. Christ, Extracting linguistic information from machinereadable versions of traditional dictionaries, a metalexicographic method and some tools, Proc. COMPLEX'92, Conference on Computational Lexicography an Text Research Linguistics Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, pp.161-174, 1992.

[. Ide, J. Le-maitre-&jean, and . Véronis, Outline of a Model for Lexical Databases . Current Issues in Computational Linguistics: In Honour of Don Walker, pp.283-320, 1995.

[. Iso, IISO 8879 (SGML) Information processing ? Text and office systems ? Standard Generalized Markup Language, 1986.

[. Iso, ISO/IEC 10179 (DSSSL) Information technology ? Processing languages ? Document Style Semantics and Specification Language, 1996.

]. E. Johnson95 and . Johnson, The Text Encoding Initiative, TEXT Technology, vol.5, issue.3, pp.174-175, 1995.

[. Larchevêque, Requirement analysis and solution proposals for the management of bilingual dictionaries, 1996.

[. Lafourcade, Génie logiciel pour le génie linguiciel, Thèse de nouveau Doctorat , IMAG-UJF, Grenoble 1, 1994.

[. Lafourcade, Serveurs de dictionnaires -Etude de cas avec l'outil ALEX et le projet de dictionnaire français-anglais-malais, Proc. Séminaire LEXIQUE, Grenoble, 13- 14 novembre 1996, CLIPS-IMAG, Pôles langage naturel et parole du GDR-PRC CHM, pp.185-192, 1996.

[. Lafourcade, Structured lexical data, Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.1106-1110, 1996.
DOI : 10.3115/993268.993377

[. Lafourcade, Construction et services dictionnaires n-lingues, exemple des projets Fe*.Quatrì eme conférence annuelle sur Le traitement Automatique du Langage Natural (TALN), 12-13 juin, pp.162-168, 1997.

[. Lamping, R. Rao, and . Pirolli, A focus+context technique based on hyperbolic geometry for visualizing large hierarchies, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, CHI '95, pp.401-408, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/223904.223956

[. Langlois, D. Megginson, &. P. Roda, and . Roberts, SGMLizing the Bilingual Canadian Dictionary, Proc. Joint International Conference of the Association for Computers and the Humanities and the Association for Literary & Linguistic Computing, ACH-ALLC 1997, Queen's University, pp.3-7, 1997.

M. Mangeot-lerebours, Outils pour lexicographes na¨?fsna¨?fs (en informatique)DEA Informatique Systèmes et Communications, GETA-CLIPS-IMAG, 1997.

W. Meijs, Computers and Written Texts, pp.141-165, 1992.

C. Michael and . Mccord, Design of LMT: A Prolog-based machine translation system, Computational Linguistics, vol.15, issue.1, pp.33-52, 1989.

I. Mel-'tchuk, DEC : Dictionnaire Explicatif et Combinatoire du français contemporain, recherches lexico-sémantiques I, II et III. Presses de l, 1984.

I. Mel-'tchuk, André Clas &AlainPolgù ere (1995) IntroductionàIntroduction`Introductionà la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire. Louvain-la-neuve

A. Melby, The Machine Readable Terminology Interchange Format (MARTIF), Putting Complexity in Perspective, Termnet News, vol.5455, pp.11-21, 1996.

[. Nedobejkine, Dictionnaire naturel russe-français issu des fichiers codés ARIANE, 1994.

[. Pearsall, The New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1998.

G. Pérennou, Le Projet BDLEX de base de données lexicales du françaisfrançais´françaisécrit et parlé, 1992.

R. J. Pocock, MRDs and LDBs, 1999.

A. Ere, La théorie Sens-Texte. Dialangue, pp.9-30, 1998.

[. Proszéky, MoBiDic: A New Language Technology Tool for Translators, Transferre necesse est, pp.558-568, 1997.

V. Quint, Une approche de l'´ edition structurée des documents, Thèse d' ´ Etat, SpécialitéMathématiques, 1987.

[. Selva, Ressources et activités pédagogiques dans un environnement informatique d'aidè a l'apprentissage lexical du français langue seconde, 2000.

[. Sérasset and &. Blanc, Une approche par acceptions pour les bases lexicales multilingues, A. Clas ed, vol.1, issue.1, pp.65-84, 1993.

[. Sérasset, Approche oecuménique auprobì eme du codage des structures linguistiques, Proc. TALN-94 : Le traitement automatique du langage naturel en France aujourd'hui, pp.109-118, 1994.

[. Sérasset, An Interlingual Lexical Organisation Based on Acceptions: From the PARAX Mock-up to the NADIA System, Proc. ICLA-94, pp.26-28, 1994.

[. Sérasset, Interlingual lexical organisation for multilingual lexical databases in NADIA, Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.5-9, 1994.
DOI : 10.3115/991886.991933

[. Sérasset, Recent Trends of Electronic Dictionary Research and Development in Europe, 1994.

[. Sérasset, SUBLIM: un Système Universel de Bases Lexicales Multilingues et NADIA: sa spécialisation aux bases lexicales interlingues par acceptions, Thèse de nouveau doctorat, Spécialité Informatique, 1994.

[. Sérasset, Un Editeur pour le DEC du francais contemporain, Proc. Séminaire Lexique, pp.131-138, 1996.

[. Sérasset, Le projet NADIA-DEC : vers un dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire informatisé?La mémoire des mots, Ve journées scientifiques du réseau LTT, AUPELF- UREF, pp.149-159, 1997.

[. Sérasset, Informatisation du Dictionnaire Explicatif et Combinatoire Actes de laquatrì eme conférence sur le Traitement Automatique du Language Naturel (TALN97), pp.12-13, 1997.

G. Sérasset and &. Alainpolgù-ere, Outils pour lexicographes : applicationàlalexicoapplication`applicationàlalexicologie explicative et combinatoire, Proceedings de RIAO'97, pp.701-708, 1997.

[. Sérasset and &. Mathieu-mangeot-lerebours, L'´ edition lexicographique dans un système générique de gestion de bases lexicales. NLP-IA'98, traitement automatique des langues et ses applications industrielles, pp.110-116, 1998.

M. Stuart and . Shieber, An Introduction to Unification-Based Approaches to Grammar. CSLI Notes, Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1986.

M. Silberztein, DictionnairesélectroniquesDictionnaires´Dictionnairesélectroniques et analyse automatique de textes : le système INTEX, 1993.

J. Sitko, Manuel destiné aux lexicographes. Manuel d'indexage UNL, 1997.

]. G. Steele90, . Jr, and . Steele, COMMON LISP. The language, 1990.

]. K. Tanaka94, &. K. Tanaka, and . Uemura, Construction of a bilingual dictionary intermediated by a third language, Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.297-303, 1994.
DOI : 10.3115/991886.991937

[. Tomasino, ODILE, un Outil d'Intégration Extensible de Dictionnaires et Lemmatiseurs . Mémoire d'ingéneiur CNAM, GETA-CLIPS-IMAG, 1990.

[. Tomokiyo, M. Mangeot-lerebours, and &. Planas, Papillon : a Project of Lexical Database for English, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00968824

[. Véronis and &. Ide, Word sense disambiguation with very large neural networks extracted from machine readable dictionaries, Proceedings of the 13th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.389-394, 1990.
DOI : 10.3115/997939.998006

P. Vossen, EuroWordNet: a Multilingual Database for Information Retrieval, Proc. DELOS Workshop on Cross-Language Information Retrieval, 1997.

Y. Wilks, B. M. Slator, &. Louise, and M. Gutrie, Electric Words : Dictionaries, Computers , and Meaning, 1996.

R. Zajac, M. Casper, and &. N. Sharples, An open distributed architecture for reuse and integration of heterogeneous NLP components, Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing -, 1997.
DOI : 10.3115/974557.974593

M. Zock and &. Fournier, Proposal for a customizable, psycholinguistically motivated dictionary to enhance word access, Proc. 7th Symposium on Social Communication, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01480507

. Eurodicautom and . Eurodicautom, Multilingual terminological database of the European Commission's Translation Service. http://eurodic.ip.lu/ [FeM] FeM dictionnaire français-anglais-malais http

M. Geneter-]-geneter-modèle-generique-pour-la-terminologie, pl?langue=1 [Hachette] Hachette dictionnaire Hachette francophone en ligne. http://www-clips.imag.fr/geta/services/dicofej

. Postgresql and S. Postgresql, Resource Description Framework Recommandation du W3C Generic Syntax Reqête de l'IETF. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt [SILFIDE] SILFIDE Serveur Interactif pour la Langue Française, son Identité, sa Diffusion et sonÉtudeson´sonÉtude, w3.org/RDF [RFC2396] RFC 2396 Request For Comments for Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)silfide.imag.fr [SALT] SALT Standards-based Access to Lexicons and Terminologie

[. Serveur-de-dictionnaire-japonais-tha¨?tha¨?, 0 Simple API for XML version 2. interface standard pour l'analyse XML

[. Namespaces and X. Namespaces, Recommandation du W3C

X. Schéma and . La, langue de travail commune aux membres du projet Papillon est l'anglais. Le schéma DML est utilisé dans le projet Papillon. Les explications sont donc rédigées en anglais pour permettre une compréhension de la

$. Mathieu and M. Mathieu, Mangeot@imag.fr $Date: 2001/09/15 09:37:10 $ $Revision: 1.6 $ -schema targetNamespace="http://www-clips.imag.fr/geta/services/dml" annotation documentation xml:lang="en" XML Schema for common elements of Dictionary Markup Language. These elements are used to encode heterogeneous lexical databases Namespace = http://www-clips.imag.fr/geta/services/dml This schema is identified by the location: http://www-clips.imag.fr/geta/services/dml/dml.xsd /documentation /annotation !--================ importing other schemas ================---importing g parts of xlink recommendation for dml links -import namespace=, These elements are used to encode heterogeneous lexical databases Namespace, 1999.