S. Annexe-5-utilisation-du-prototype and J. Hyde, Document No MPD010, MEDLEY M. Simulation Interoperability. Aviation Industry CBT Committee (AICC), 1995.

M. Arevalo, M. Diaz, and G. Gomez, Dictionary of science and technology PDCERL: Plataforma para el desarrollo de ejercicios en laboratorios a distancia, 1992.

A. Aristizabal and G. , FÉNIX : Herramienta para la creación de simulaciones en matemáticas construida sobre el framework FREAK, 1998.

L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 1998.

D. Bäumer, G. Gryczan, R. Knoll, C. Lilienthal, D. Riehle et al., Framework development for large systems, Communications of the ACM, vol.40, issue.10, 1997.
DOI : 10.1145/262793.262804

K. Beck, R. Crocker, G. Meszaros, J. Vlissides, J. O. Coplien et al., Industrial experience with design patterns, Proceedings of IEEE 18th International Conference on Software Engineering, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/ICSE.1996.493406

B. , W. Pomberger, F. Buschmann, R. Meunier, R. H. Sommerland-p et al., Prototyping-Oriented Software Development A system of Patterns, 1992.

B. W. Boehm, A spiral model for software development and enhancement, IEEE Computer, pp.61-72, 1988.

J. Cagnat, OASIS: Manuel Utilisateur, Equipe ARCADE Laboratoire CLIPS-IMAG, 1997.

J. Cortes, SIMARS: Herramienta para la creación de simulaciones bajo el modelo MARS creada sobre el framework FREAK, 1998.

C. , P. North, D. Mayfield, and M. , Object Models: Strategies, Patterns, & Applications, COP 92] COPLIEN, J.O. Advanced C++ -Programming Styles and Idioms, 1995.

G. Cortes, SimLab: simulador de tres experimentos de física, 1988.

G. Cortes and F. Coudret, Validating the teacher's needs for simulation based exercises, World Conference on Educational Multimedia/Hypermedia (EDMEDIA'97), 1997.

G. Cortes and V. Gueraud, Helping the teacher to create simulation based exercises, Computer Assisted Education in Engineering, p.97, 1997.

G. Cortes, OASIS -Report of experimentation with science teachers. Rapport interne, Equipe ARCADE, Laboratoire CLIPS- IMAG, 1997.

G. Cortes and V. Gueraud, Experimentation of an authoring tool for pedagogical simulations, International Conference on Computer Aided Learning and Instruction in Science and Engineering, CALISCE'98, 1998.

G. Cortes, OASIS: Un sistema autor para el desarrollo de simulaciones con propósito educativo, 4to Congreso Iberoamericano de Informática Educativa, 1998.

J. De and T. , Learning and Instruction with computer simulation, Education and Computing. vol, vol.6, 1991.

J. De and T. , SMISLE: System for Multimedia Integrated Simulation Learning Environments, Design and Production of Multimedia and Simulation-Based Learning Material, 1994.

J. De, T. Van-jooligen, and W. , Discovery learning with computer simulations of conceptual domains. IST-Memo-96-O2, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190680

J. De and T. Editeur, Designing integrated computer simulation environments for discovery learning. Servive Project (ET 1020), First project progress report, 1996.

A. Diver-stamnes, Simulating Society: An Experimental Approach to Teaching Race, Class Relations. Annual Meeting of the American Phycological Association, 1993.

D. , D. Hodges, and R. , SEMATECH's Experiences with the CIM Framework, Communications of the ACM, vol.40, issue.10, 1997.

P. Doulai, Computer assisted teaching/learning method for power systems education, Proceedings of the International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC'95), pp.746-750, 1995.

H. Escobedo, El computador en el laboratorio de física: Una alternativa para la enseñanza de la física en el bachillerato, Revista de Informática Educativa, vol.3, issue.2, pp.129-139, 1990.

F. , F. Tonkel, J. Ieee-ltsc, and . Mai, Computer Simulations in an Instructional Context. Education and Computing LTSA specification, Learning Technology Systems Architecture, 1484.

M. E. Fayad and D. C. Schmidt, Object-oriented application frameworks, Communications of the ACM, vol.40, issue.10, 1997.
DOI : 10.1145/262793.262798

F. , J. Horwitz, and C. , Applications of the Rapid Intelligent System Development Shell (RIDES) Intelligent Tutoring Systems'96, Workshop on Architectures and Methods for Designing cost-effective and Reusable ITS, 1996.

. E. Forte, . Wentland-forte-m, . Duval-e-forte-e, . Wentland-forte-m, and . Duval-e, The ARIADNE Project (Part 1): Knowledge Pools for Computer-based and Telematics-supported Classical, Open and Distance Education, European Journal of Engineering Education, vol.22, issue.1, pp.61-74, 1997.
DOI : 10.1145/205323.205345

A. Galvis, Teorías de Aprendizaje como sustento al diseño y evaluación de ambientes de enseñanza-aprendizaje, Ingeniería de Software Educativo. Chapitre 4. Ediciones Uniandes, 1992.

G. , E. Helm, R. Vlissides, J. Johnson, and R. E. , Design Patterns: Abstraction and Reuse of Object-Oriented Design, Proceedings ECOOP'93, 1993.

. E. Gamma, R. Helm, J. Vlissides, and R. E. Johnson, Design Patterns : Elements of reusable Object Oriented Software, 1994.

D. Garlan and E. P. Dewayne, Introduction to the Special Issue on Software Architecture, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.21, issue.4, 1995.

D. Garlan, Research directions in software architecture, ACM Computing Surveys, vol.27, issue.2, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/210376.210388

D. Garlan, R. Monroe, and D. Wile, Acme, CASCON First Decade High Impact Papers on, CASCON '10
DOI : 10.1145/1925805.1925814

D. Gatto, The use of interactive computer simulations in training, Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol.9, issue.2, 1993.
DOI : 10.14742/ajet.2105

A. Goldberg and . Smaltalk, The interactive Programming Language, 1988.

V. Gueraud, C. J. Peyrin, and J. P. , Teaching and Learning made easier by the ARCADE Laboratory, International Conference on Computer Aided Learning and Instruction in Science and Engineering, CALISCE'91, 1991.

V. Gueraud, J. Pernin, J. M. Herzog, and E. N. Forte, Developing pedagogical simulations: Generic and specific authoring approaches, Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education A Goal Oriented Simulation in Chemical Thermodynamics. International Conference on Computer Aided Learning and Instruction in Science and Engineering, CALISCE'94, 1994.

C. Horwitz and J. Fleming, Effecting Principled Instruction in Virtual Environment Simulations: Lessons Learned. Position paper, Workshop on Architectures for ISLE, Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Japon, 1998.

I. Jacobson, M. Griss, and P. Jonsson, Making the reuse bussiness work, IEEE Computer, vol.30, issue.10, 1997.

R. E. Johnson and V. F. Russo, Reusing Object-Oriented Desings, 1991.

R. E. Johnson, Framework (Components + Patterns), Communications of the ACM, vol.40, issue.10, 1997.

J. Van, W. R. De, J. , and T. , Supporting the authoring process for simulation based discovery learning, European Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1996.

W. Kozaczynski and G. Booch, Component-Based Software Engineering, IEEE Software, vol.15, issue.5, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/MS.1998.714621

. Lea and D. Lea, Concurrent Programming in Java?: Design Principles and Patterns, 1997.

L. , D. C. Vera, J. Marcelino, M. J. Mendes, T. Marcelino et al., An Event-Based Architecture Definition Language SimBest A Set of integrative Tools to Support the Development of Computer-Based Educational Programs Proceedings of the 6 th IFIP World Conference on Computers in Education SIM-BEST -Um sistema para apoiar actividades de modelação e de simulação en ensino, Simpósio Investigação e Desenvolvimento de Software Educativo, Costa da Caparica, Portugal. Octobre MENDES, T. Diversifying the scenario in computer-based educational simulation activities with SimBest. Proceedings. of CAL'97, pp.945-951, 1995.

M. D. Mcillroy, J. Buxton, P. Naur, B. Randell, M. et al., Mass-produced software components, Software Engineering Concepts and Techniques. NATO Conference on Software Engineering Architectural Styles, Design Patterns, and Objects. IEEE Software, pp.88-98, 1968.

A. Munro, Attributed-Centered Simulation Authoring for Instruction, World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1993.

O. Mariño and G. C. Cortés, Cosmología: Un sistema heurístico para la integración de conocimientos en el escenario de la evolución de la humanidad, Memorias del III Congreso Iberoamericano de Informática Educativa, 1996.

N. , O. , G. , S. Tsichritzis, D. Pernin et al., Component Oriented Software Development Septembre 1992 Un modèle opérationnel de conception de simulations pédagogiques, Thèse de l'Université Joseph FourierPER 98] PERNIN, J-P. Comparing two Authoring Approaches of Instructional Simulations: An Industrial Experimentation. International Conference on Computer Aided Learning and Instruction in Science and Engineering, CALISCE'98, 1996.

J. Pernin, L'intégration effective de la simulation dans la formation technique : un enjeu à ne pas manquer. Conférence Nouvelles Technologies de l'information et de la communication dans les formations d'ingénieurs et dans l'industrie, 1998.

P. , R. Alec, and G. , Generating explanations in a simulation-based learning environment, International Journal Human- Computer Studies, vol.45, pp.527-551, 1996.

P. , E. J. Lavender, R. G. Vin, and H. M. , An Adaptive Framework for Developing Multimedia Software Components, Communications of the ACM, vol.40, issue.10, 1997.

R. , R. Schoening, and J. , Educational Technology Standards, Communications of the ACM, vol.40, issue.9, 1997.

R. , C. M. Schwartz, and E. , An Instructional Theory for the design of computer-based simulation, Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, vol.16, issue.1, 1989.

S. Ritter and K. Koedinger, An architrecture for Plug-in Tutor Agents, Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, vol.7, issue.3, 1996.

S. Ritter, Tool: Agent Communication: Base Document, 1997.

D. Roberts and R. Johnson, Envolving Frameworks: A Pattern Lenguage for Developming Object-Oriented Frameworks. PLoP '96, 1996.

R. and P. Van, SAM Simulation and Multimedia. Dans De Jong et all, Design and Production of Multimedia and Simulation Based Training, 1994.

W. W. Roy-70-]-royce, Managing the development of large software systems

M. Shaw, R. De-line, D. V. Klein, T. L. Ross, D. M. Young et al., Abstractions for software architecture and tools to support them, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.21, issue.4, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/32.385970

M. Shaw and D. Garlan, Software Architecture, perspectives on an emerging discipline, 1996.

D. Schmidt, B. F. Skinner, and B. Skinner, An Architectural Overview of the ACE Framework: A Case-study of Successful Cross-platform Systems Software. Tools Issue The Technology of Teaching, Science and Human Behavior, 1953.

T. , R. A. Lewis, and D. , What can simulation add to conventional instruction? Conference CATS'90, TOW 95] TOWNE, D. Learning and Instruction in Simulation Environments. Educational Technology Publications, 1990.

. Standards, AIC 99] Page de Aviation Industrie CBT Committee http, 1999.

P. Frameworks and . Et-architecture-de-logiciel, Site de Taligent Inc. Maintenant à IBM. http://www.software.ibm.com/ad/taligent, 1999.

. Spécification, Asservissement d'une bille sur un rail 5. Formulaires pour la spécification des simulations Description générale de l'architecture L'architecture de communication a été conçue pour permettre de faire «un exercice», à distance, de façon synchchrone, dans une séance de TD, Les participants à la séance sont : ? L'enseignant qui est chargé de diriger la séance

. Dans, nous réduisons les outils de communication entre l'enseignant et les étudiants à une communication textuelle

. La-figure-montre-la-structure-de-l, architecture proposée : API de Communication Application Enseignant API de Communication Application Apprenant API de Communication Application Apprenant Coordinateur API de Communication Nous avons adopté le schéma, le plus simple, pour la communication dans les applications de collaboration et coopératives, le schéma centralisé. Dans ce schéma, il y a un coordinateur qui gère l'information commune

C. Le and . Host, txt avec l'adresse IP, ou le nom de la machine, où l

O. L. Et-appuyer-sur, image montre l'écran de l'enseignant. L'enseignant a une fenêtre pour contrôler les exercices et une fenêtre pour la communication, p.264

. Objectif, Trouver une valeur pour la taille du paquet (Frame Size) pour obtenir une utilisation de la ligne entre 70% et 80% Etat final : 202 < Frame Size < 233