J. Accot and S. Et-zhai, Beyond Fitts' Law: Models for Trajectory-Based HCI Tasks, ACM conference on Computer-Human Interaction, 1997.

C. Ahlberg and B. Et-shneiderman, Visual Information Seeking: Tight Coupling of Dynamic Query Filters with Starfield Displays, ACM conference on Computer-Humain Interaction (CHI), pp.313-317, 1994.

S. Annedouche, B. Loup, M. Et-prodhomme, and . Le-tableau-magique, Disponible sur le site : http://iihm.imag.fr/publs Apple Desktop Bus Mouse II: Description and Specifications Apple Technical Info Library (TIL), article 11227, juin 1993 Disponible à l'adresse : http://til.info.apple.com/techinfo.nsf/artnum/n11227 [Apple 93b] Apple Computer Inc. " Video Digitizer Component Quicktime Components " Collection Inside Macintosh Disponible sue le site : http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/ [Apple 94] Apple Computer Inc. " Imaging With QuickDraw " . Collection Inside Macintosh Programmer's Guide to MacApp " . Collection Inside Macintosh, Disponible sur le site : [Ascension 99] Ascension Technology Inc. " Flock of Birds, 1993.

A. Azarbayejani, T. Starner, B. Horowitz, and A. Pentland, Visually controlled graphics, IEEE Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI), p.180, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/34.216730

A. Azarbayejani, A. Pentland, and R. Azuma, Real-time self-calibrating stereo person tracking using 3-D shape estimation from blob features Tracking Requirements for Augmented Reality, International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp.50-51, 1993.

S. Basu, I. Essa, and A. Et-pentland, Motion regularization for model-based head tracking, Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp.611-616, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/ICPR.1996.547019

B. Bederson and J. Et-meyer, Implementing a Zooming User Interface: Experience Building Pad++ Disponible sur le site, Software: Practice and Experience, 1998.

F. Bérard, J. Et-coutaz, F. Bérard, J. Coutaz, J. L. Et-crowley et al., Coopération , actes des 8ème journées sur l'Interaction Homme-Machine (IHM) Disponible à l'adresse : http://iihm.imag.fr/publs Robust Computer Vision for Computer Mediated Communication Disponible à l'adresse : http://iihm.imag.fr/publs The Perceptual Window: Head Motion as a New Input Stream Disponible à l'adresse : http://iihm.imag.fr/publs The Peceptual Window Movies, de Techniques Sensorielles pour une Interaction Écologique IFIP conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT) Démonstration en ligne de l'équipe IIHM The MagicBoard " . Démonstration en ligne de l'équipe IIHM Disponible à l'adresse, pp.238-244, 1996.

R. Balakrishnan and I. S. Et-mackenzie, Performance differences in the fingers, wrist, and forearm in computer input control, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '97, pp.303-310, 1997.
DOI : 10.1145/258549.258764

M. J. Black, P. Et-anadan, M. J. Black, and Y. Yacoob, Robust Dynamic Motion Estimation Over Time Disponible sur le site : http://www.parc.xerox.com/spl/members/black/papers Recognizing facial expressions in image sequences using local parameterized models of image motion Disponible sur le site, AAAI Spring Symposium on Intelligent Environments, pp.296-302, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/cvpr.1991.139705
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.154.3543

M. J. Black, A. Et-jepson, W. Buxton, and B. Et-myers, Recognizing temporal trajectories using the condensation algorithm Disponible sur le site A Study in Two-Handed Input, International conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (AFGR) ACM conference on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI), pp.321-326, 1986.

S. Card, T. Moran, and A. Newell, The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction, 1983.

P. Chan and R. Et-lee, The Abstract Window Toolkit The Java Class Libraries, 1997.

O. Chomat and J. L. Et-crowley, Probabilistic recognition of activity using local appearance, Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149), 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1999.784616

R. Cipolla and A. Et-pentland, Computer Vision for Human-Machine Interaction, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511569937

J. Coutaz, L. Nigay, D. Salber, A. Blandford, J. May et al., Four Easy Pieces for Assessing the Usability of Multimodal Interaction: The Care Properties, IFIP conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT), pp.115-120, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-5041-2896-4_19

J. Coutaz, F. Bérard, and J. Et-crowley, Coordination of perceptual processes for computer mediated communication, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.1996.557251

. Coutaz and J. Coutaz, Interfaces Homme-Machine : le Futur ne Manque pas d'Avenir, Conférence invitée, Proc. ERGO-IA'98, pp.43-55, 1998.

. Coutaz, J. Coutaz, F. Bérard, E. Carraux, J. Crowley et al., Early experience with the mediaspace CoMedi Disponible sur le site : http://iihm.imag.fr/publs CoMedi: Using Computer Vision to Support Awareness and Privacy in Mediaspaces, ACM conference on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI), extended abstracts Disponible sur le site, pp.13-14, 1981.

. Crowley, J. L. Crowley, and J. M. Et-bedrune, Integration and Control of Reactive Visual Processes, European Conference on Computer Vision, 1994.

. Crowley, J. L. Crowley, and H. Et-christensen, Vision as Process, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-03113-1

J. L. Crowley, F. Bérard, and J. Et-coutaz, Finger Tracking as an Input Device for Augmented Reality, International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (AFGR), 1995.

S. A. Douglas, A. E. Kirkpatrick, and S. Et-scott-mackenzie, Testing Pointing Device Performance and User Assessment with the IS0 9241

E. Dubois and L. Et-nigay, Classification Space for Augmented Surgery, an Augmented Reality Case Study, IFIP conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT), pp.353-359, 1999.

S. Elrod, R. Bruce, R. Gold, D. Goldberg, F. Halasz et al., Liveboard, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '92, pp.599-607, 1992.
DOI : 10.1145/142750.143052

I. Essa, Analysis, Interpretation, and Synthesis of Facial Expressions, 1995.

G. Fitzmaurice, H. Ishii, and W. Et-buxton, Bricks, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, CHI '95, pp.297-308, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/223904.223964

J. Foley and A. Et-van-dam, Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics, 1982.

W. Gaver, G. Smets, and K. Overbeeke, A Virtual Window on media space, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, CHI '95, pp.257-264, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/223904.223937

H. P. Graf, E. Cosatto, D. Gibbon, M. Kocheisen, and E. Et-petajan, Multi-modal system for locating heads and faces, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.1996.557248

G. H. Grandlund, In search of a general picture processing operator, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, vol.8, issue.2, pp.155-173, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-664X(78)90047-3

G. D. Hager and P. N. Et-belhumeur, Efficient region tracking with parametric models of geometry and illumination, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.20, issue.10, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/34.722606

B. L. Harrison, K. P. Fiskin, A. Gujar, C. Mochon, and R. Et-want, Squeeze me, hold me, tilt me! An exploration of manipulative user interfaces, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, CHI '98, pp.17-24, 1998.
DOI : 10.1145/274644.274647

H. R. Hartson, A. C. Siochi, and D. Et-hix, The UAN: a user-oriented representation for direct manipulation interface designs, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol.8, issue.3, pp.181-203, 1990.
DOI : 10.1145/98188.98191

D. Huber, The Computer Vision Home-Page

M. Isard and A. Blake, CONDENSATION: Conditional Propagation for Visual Tracking, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.29, issue.1, pp.5-28, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008078328650

H. Ishii and B. Et-ullmer, Tangible bits, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '97, 1997.
DOI : 10.1145/258549.258715

P. Kabbash, W. Buxton, and A. Et-sellen, Two-Handed Input in a Compound Task, ACM conference on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI), pp.417-423, 1994.

R. E. Kalman, A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems, Journal of Basic Engineering, vol.82, issue.1, pp.35-45, 1960.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3662552

S. B. Kang, Hands-free navigation in VR environments by tracking the head, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.48, issue.2, pp.247-266, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/ijhc.1997.0170

A. Witkin and D. Terzopoulos, Snakes: Active Contour Models, First International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp.259-268, 1987.

J. J. Koenderinck and A. J. Et-van-doorn, Representation of local geometry in the visual system, Biological Cybernetics, vol.53, issue.6, pp.367-375, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00318371

J. Lamping and R. Et-rao, Laying out and visualizing large trees using a hyperbolic space, Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology , UIST '94, 1994.
DOI : 10.1145/192426.192430

J. Shaw, K. Et-green, and M. , Spring-loaded Folders Mac OS 8.5: Visual QuickStart Guide Extrait disponible sur le site : http://beta On Temporal-Spatial Realism in the Virtual Reality Environment, ACM conference on User Interface System and Toolkits (UIST), pp.19-25, 1991.

W. Mackay, G. Velay, K. Carter, C. Ma, and D. Et-pagani, Augmenting reality: adding computational dimensions to paper, Communications of the ACM, vol.36, issue.7, pp.96-97, 1993.
DOI : 10.1145/159544.159638

W. E. Mackay, D. S. Pagani, L. Faber, B. Inwood, P. Launiainen et al., Ariel, Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '95, pp.421-422, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/223355.223763

W. E. Mackay, Réalité augmenté : le meilleur des deux mondes, La Recherche n, vol.285, pp.80-84, 1996.

W. E. Mackay and M. Et-beaudouin-lafon, DIVA, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, CHI '98, pp.416-423, 1992.
DOI : 10.1145/274644.274701

I. S. Mackenzie, Fitts' Law as a Research and Design Tool in Human-Computer Interaction, Human???Computer Interaction, vol.7, issue.1, pp.91-139, 1992.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327051hci0701_3

I. S. Mackenzie and C. Ware, Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '93, pp.488-493, 1993.
DOI : 10.1145/169059.169431

P. Maes, T. Darrell, B. Blumberg, A. Pentland, S. Mann et al., The ALIVE System: Wireless, Full-body Interaction with Autonomous Agents Disponible à l'adresse : http://www-white.media.mit.edu/cgi-bin/tr_pagemaker#TR257 Virtual Bellows: Constructing High Quality Stills from Video, IEEE first international conference on Image Processing Experimental Comparison of Correlation Techniques " , 3rd International Symposium on Intelligent Robotic Systems (SIRS), pp.363-367, 1994.

L. Mauriac, Ces fenêtres qui font écran

S. Maury, S. Athènes, and S. Et-chatty, Disponible sur le site : http://www.liberation.fr/multi/cahier/articles/sem99.13/cah990326a.html Rhytmic menus: toward interaction based on rhythm, Libération Multimédia. Vendredi 26 marsCHI) extended abstracts, pp.254-255, 1999.

P. S. Maybeck, Stochastic Models, Estimation, and Control, Volume I, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.10, issue.5, 1979.
DOI : 10.1109/TSMC.1980.4308494

M. Inc, E. Mynatt, T. Igarashi, W. K. Edwards, and A. Et-lamarca, The Vision Software Development Kit Disponible sur le site : http://www.research.microsoft.com/research Flatland: New Dimensions in Office Whiteboards, ACM conference on Computer- Human Interaction (CHI), pp.346-353, 1999.

. Mynatt and E. Mynatt, The Writing on the Wall, IFIP conference on Human- Computer Interaction (INTERACT), pp.196-204, 1999.

W. Newman and P. Et-wellner, A desk supporting computer-based interaction with paper documents, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '92, pp.587-592, 1992.
DOI : 10.1145/142750.143007

A. Nye, Xlib programming manual, 1988.

N. Oliver, A. P. Pentland, and F. Bérard, LAFTER: lips and face real time tracker, Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1997.609309
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.9491

J. Ousterhout, Tcl and the Tk Toolkit, 1994.

E. R. Pedersen, K. Mccall, T. P. Moran, and F. G. Et-hulas, Tivoli, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '93, pp.391-398, 1993.
DOI : 10.1145/169059.169309

M. Krueger, H. Bichsel, M. Leonhardt, U. Meier, and M. , BUILT-IT: A Planning Tool for Construction and Design, ACM conference on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI) Conference Companion, 1998.

P. Robert, Le petit Robert : dictionaire de la langue française, 1967.

M. Roseman and S. Et-greenberg, Building real-time groupware with GroupKit, a groupware toolkit, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, vol.3, issue.1, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/226159.226162

S. Russel and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence. A Modern Approach, Prentice-Hall series in Artificial Intelligence, 1995.

E. Saund, Image Mosaicing and a Diagrammatic User Interface for an Office Whiteboard Scanner

D. L. Scapin and C. Pierret-golbreich, MAD : Une méthode analytique de description des tâches, Colloque sur l'ingénierie des Interfaces Homme- Machine (IHM), pp.131-148, 1989.

B. Schiele and A. Et-waibel, Gaze Tracking Based on Face Color, International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (AFGR), 1995.

B. Shneiderman, Designing the user interface strategies for effective human-computer interaction, ACM SIGBIO Newsletter, vol.9, issue.1, 1987.
DOI : 10.1145/25065.950626

A. Sellen, G. P. Kurtenbach, and W. Et-buxton, The Prevention of Mode Errors Through Sensory Feedback, Human-Computer Interaction, vol.26, issue.2, pp.141-164, 1992.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327051hci0702_1

J. Shi and C. Et-tomasi, Good Features to Track, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 1994.

G. Smets, M. Stratmann, and C. Et-overbeeke, Method of causing an observer to get a three-dimensional impression from a two-dimensional representation, US Patent, vol.4, issue.757, p.380

G. J. Smets, P. Hancock, J. Flach, J. Caird, and K. Et-vincente, Designing for telepresence: the Delft Virtual Window System Local applications of the ecological approach to human-machine systems, pp.182-207, 1995.

G. Socher, T. Merz, and S. Et-posch, 3-D Reconstruction and Camera Calibration from Images with Known Objects., Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 1995, pp.167-176, 1995.
DOI : 10.5244/C.9.17
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.21.3385

. Stafford-fraser, J. Stafford-fraser, Q. Stafford-fraser, and P. Et-robinson, Video-Augmented Environments Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Gonville & Caius College, University of Cambridge, Février 1996 Disponible sur le site BrightBoard: A Video-Agmented Environment, ACM conference on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI), pp.134-141, 1996.

M. J. Swain and D. H. Et-ballard, Color indexing, International Journale on Computer Vision, pp.11-32, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00130487

R. Szeliski, Video mosaics for virtual environments, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.16, issue.2, pp.22-30, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/38.486677

D. Thevenin, F. Bérard, J. K. Et-coutaz, and G. Et-hager, Capture d'Inscriptions pour la Réalité Augmentée " , actes de la 11 ème conférence francophone sur l'Interaction Homme-Machine (IHM) Incremental Focus of Attention for Robust Visual Tracking, IEEE conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1996.

M. Turk and A. Et-pentland, Eigenfaces for Recognition, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.10, issue.9, pp.71-86, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00239352

B. Ullmer and H. Ishii, The metaDESK, Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology , UIST '97, 1997.
DOI : 10.1145/263407.263551

J. Underkoffler and H. Ishii, Illuminating Light : An Optical Design Toll wih a Luminuous-Tangible Interface, ACM conference on Computer- Human Interaction, pp.177-178, 1998.

M. Vincze, Optimal Window Size for Visual Tracking, Applications of Digital Image Processing, SPIE proceedingsVirtual-Ink 99] Virtual Ink Inc. " MIMIO: Technical Specifications " . Site internet Disponible sur le site, pp.106-117, 1996.
DOI : 10.1117/12.258215

F. A. Voorhorst, Affording Action Implementing Perception-Action coupling for Endoscopy " . Thèse de doctorat de l'université de Delft, Hollande Disponible à l'adresse, 1993.

C. Ware, K. Arthur, and K. S. Et-booth, Fish tank virtual reality, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '93, pp.37-42, 1993.
DOI : 10.1145/169059.169066

C. Ware and R. Et-balakrishnan, Reaching for objects in VR displays: lag and frame rate, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, vol.1, issue.4, pp.331-356, 1994.
DOI : 10.1145/198425.198426

. Wellner, P. Wellner, W. E. Mackay, and R. Et-gold, Back to the real world, Communications of the ACM, vol.36, issue.7, pp.24-27, 1993.
DOI : 10.1145/159544.159555

. Wellner and P. Wellner, Interacting with paper on the DigitalDesk, Communications of the ACM, vol.36, issue.7, pp.87-96, 1993.
DOI : 10.1145/159544.159630

. Wellner, P. Wellner, C. R. Wren, A. Azarbayejani, T. Darrell et al., Adaptive Thresholding for the DigitalDesk EPC-1993-110 Disponible sur le site Pfinder: Real- Time Tracking of the Human Body Disponible à l'adresse : http://www-white.media.mit.edu/cgi-bin/tr_pagemaker#TR353, Stiefelhagen, R. et Waibel, A. " Visual Tracking for Multimodal Human Com-puter Interaction " . ACM conference on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI), pp.780-785, 1997.

Y. Yang, J. Weier, L. Et-waibel, and A. , Skin-color modeling and adaptation, Third Asian Conference on Computer Vision (ACCV'98, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-63931-4_278
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.153.2082

S. Zhai, B. A. Smith, and T. Et-selker, Improving Browsing Performance: A study of four input devices for scrolling and pointing tasks, IFIP conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT), pp.286-293, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-35175-9_48

A. Zisserman, Projective transformation between two images of a planar scene Computer Vision Online: Vision Geometry and Mathematics " , édité par Fisher, R. B. à l'Université d'Edinburgh. Disponible à l'adresse : http://www

M. Zuke and S. E. Et-umbaugh, CVIPtools: A software package for computer imaging education, Computer Applications in Engineering Education, vol.5, issue.3, pp.213-220, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0542(1997)5:3<213::AID-CAE8>3.0.CO;2-G