D. Partir-d-'un-dépôt-en, CHCl 3 et les travaux réalisés par Guenoun et collaborateurs [35]. Pour une concentration en sel inférieure à cette valeur la monocouche semble se comporter comme une brosse osmotique simple où ? ? s ?1 . Les isothermes réalisées pour une concentration en sel supérieure ou égale à 0.05 M mettent bien en évidence le régime de brosse osmotique salée ? ? s ?5/3 avec aux hautes pressions la saturation due au collapse de la monocouche

?. Muller, Interaction et structure de copolymères neutres-chargés dissymétriques en solution aqueuse ? Thèse de, 2000.

F. S. Csajka, R. R. Netz, C. Seidel, and J. , Joanny ? Collapse of Polyelectrolyte Brushes : Scaling Theory and Simulations ? Eur, Phys. J. E, vol.4, pp.505-513, 2001.

L. Pauchard and F. Parisse, Allain ? Influence of salt content on crack patterns formed through colloidal suspension desiccation ? Phys, Rev. E, vol.59, pp.3737-3740, 1999.

J. Hu and R. , Buckling of Amphiphilic Monolayers Induced by Head-Tail Asymmetry, Journal de Physique II, vol.6, issue.7, pp.999-1022, 1996.
DOI : 10.1051/jp2:1996113
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00248356

E. Helfer, S. Harlepp, L. Bourdieu, J. Robert, and F. C. Mac-kintosh, Buckling of Actin-Coated Membranes under Application of a Local Force, Physical Review Letters, vol.87, issue.8, p.88103, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.088103
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00145455

V. M. Kaganer and H. Möhwald, Structure and phase transitions in Langmuir monolayers, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.71, issue.3, pp.779-819, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.71.779

W. D. Harkins, T. F. Young, and G. E. , The Thermodynamics of Films: Energy and Entropy of Extension and Spreading of Insoluble Monolayers, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.8, issue.12, p.954, 1940.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1750610

I. R. Peterson and R. M. , Equivalence between Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Phases of Aliphatic Chain Derivatives, Langmuir, vol.10, issue.12, pp.4645-4650, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/la00024a042

A. M. Bibo, C. M. Knobler, and E. I. , A monolayer phase miscibility comparison of long-chain fatty acids and their ethyl esters, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.95, issue.14, pp.5591-5599, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/j100167a042

G. L. Gaines, Insoluble Monolayers at Liquid-Gas Interfaces, 1966.

S. Henon, Microscope at the Brewster angle: Direct observation of first???order phase transitions in monolayers, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.62, issue.4, p.936, 1991.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1142032

D. Hönig, Direct visualization of monolayers at the air-water interface by Brewster angle microscopy, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.95, issue.12, pp.4590-4592, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/j100165a003

M. K. Durbin, A. Malik, A. G. Richter, R. Ghaskadvi, and T. Gog, Transitions to a new chiral phase in a Langmuir monolayer, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.106, issue.19, pp.8216-8220, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.473825

R. S. Ross, Pincus ? The Polyelectrolyte Brush : Poor Solvent ? Macromolecules, pp.2177-2183, 1992.

C. Barentin, P. Muller, and J. , Joanny ? Polymer brushes Formed by End-Capped Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) at the Air-Water Interface ? Macromolecules 31, pp.2198-2211, 1998.

]. P. Guenoun, A. Schlachli, D. Sentenac, J. W. Mays, and E. J. , Free-Standing Black Films of Polymers: A Model of Charged Brushes in Interaction, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, issue.18, pp.3628-3631, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3628
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00125943

H. Ahrens and S. Forster, Polyelectrolyte Brushes Grafted at the Air/Water Interface, Macromolecules, vol.30, issue.26, pp.8447-8452, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/ma970949e

H. Ahrens and S. Förster, Charged Polymer Brushes: Counterion Incorporation and Scaling Relations, Physical Review Letters, vol.81, issue.19, pp.4172-4175, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4172

O. V. Borisov, T. M. Birstein, and E. E. , Collapse of grafted polyelectrolyte layer, Journal de Physique II, vol.1, issue.5, pp.521-526, 1991.
DOI : 10.1051/jp2:1991186
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00247536

E. B. Zhulina, O. V. Borisov, and T. M. , Structure of grafted polyelectrolyte layer, Journal de Physique II, vol.2, issue.1, pp.63-74, 1992.
DOI : 10.1051/jp2:1992113
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00247612

O. V. Borisov, E. B. Zhulina, and T. M. , Diagram of the States of a Grafted Polyelectrolyte Layer, Macromolecules, vol.27, issue.17, pp.4795-4803, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00095a021

F. S. Csajka and C. , Strongly Charged Polyelectrolyte Brushes:?? A Molecular Dynamics Study, Macromolecules, vol.33, issue.7, pp.2728-2739, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/ma990096l

S. W. An, R. K. Thomas, F. L. Baines, N. C. Billingham, and S. P. Armes, Penfold ? Neutron Reflectivity of Adsorbed Water-Soluble Block Copolymers at the Air/Water Interface : The Effects of Composition and Molecular Weight ? Macromolecules 31, pp.7877-7885, 1998.

E. P. Currie, A. B. Sieval, G. J. Fleer, and E. M. , Polyacrylic Acid Brushes:?? Surface Pressure and Salt-Induced Swelling, Langmuir, vol.16, issue.22, pp.8324-8333, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/la991528o

R. Vilanove and D. Poupinet, A critical look at measurements of the .nu. exponent for polymer chains in two dimensions, Macromolecules, vol.21, issue.9, pp.2880-2887, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00187a038

F. Muller, P. Fontaine, M. Delsanti, L. Belloni, J. Yang et al., Guenoun ? Couterion distribution in a spherical charged sparse brush ? Eur, Phys. J. E

F. P. Buff, R. A. Lovett, and E. F. , Interfacial Density Profile for Fluids in the Critical Region, Physical Review Letters, vol.15, issue.15, pp.621-623, 1965.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.15.621

J. Meunier and ?. , Liquid interfaces : role of the fluctuations and analysis of ellipsometry and reflectivity measurements, Journal de Physique, vol.48, issue.10, pp.1819-1831, 1987.
DOI : 10.1051/jphys:0198700480100181900
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00210623

M. M. Lipp, K. Y. Lee, D. C. Takamoto, and J. A. Zasadzinski, Coexistence of Buckled and Flat Monolayers, Physical Review Letters, vol.81, issue.8, pp.1650-1653, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1650

A. Saint-jalmes and F. , Gallet ? Buckling in a solid Langmuir monolayer : Light scattering measurements and elastic model ? Eur, Phys. J. B, vol.2, pp.489-494, 1998.

P. Fontaine, J. Daillant, P. Guenoun, M. Alba, A. Braslau et al., Rieutord ? Spontaneous Buckling Induced by the Adsorption of Charged Copolymers at the Air- Water Interface, J. Phys. II, vol.7, pp.401-407, 1997.

A. Saint-jalmes, F. Graner, and B. Gallet, Buckling of a Bidimensional Solid, Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol.28, issue.8, p.565, 1994.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/28/8/005

S. Leibler, Ordered and curved meso-structures in membranes and amphiphilic films, Journal de Physique, vol.48, issue.11, pp.2013-2018, 1987.
DOI : 10.1051/jphys:0198700480110201300
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00210644

M. Seul, Domain Shapes and Patterns: The Phenomenology of Modulated Phases, Science, vol.16, issue.17, pp.476-483, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.2737

C. Chen, T. C. Lubensky, and E. F. , MacKintosh ? Phase transitions and modulated phases in lipid bilayers ? Phys. Rev, pp.504-513, 1995.

N. Winterhalter, Effect of surface charge on the curvature elasticity of membranes, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.92, issue.24, pp.6865-6867, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/j100335a004

D. R. Nelson, Peliti ? Fluctuations in membranes with cristalline and hexatic order ?, J. Physique, vol.48, p.1263, 1987.

F. F. Abraham and ?. , Comment on ??????Shape fluctuations of polymerized or solidlike membranes??????, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.12, p.1669, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1669

R. Lipowsky, Shape fluctuations of polymerized or solidlike membranes, Physical Review Letters, vol.65, issue.23, pp.2893-2896, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2893

C. Gourier, J. Daillant, A. Braslau, M. Alba, K. Quinn et al., Bending Energy of Amphiphilic Films at the Nanometer Scale, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.16, pp.3157-3160, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3157

G. Timoshenko, Theory of elastic stability, 1961.

H. G. Allen, Analysis and design of structural sandwich panels, 1969.

N. Sridhar and D. J. Srolovitz, Kinetics of buckling of a compressed film on a viscous substrate, Applied Physics Letters, vol.78, issue.17, pp.2482-2484, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1368180

M. Lösche, Fluorescence microscope to observe dynamical processes in monomolecular layers at the air/water interface, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.55, issue.12, p.1968, 1984.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1137688

B. Fischer, M. W. Tsao, J. Ruiz-garcia, T. M. Fischer, D. K. Schwartz et al., Observation of a Change from Splay to Bend Orientation at a Phase Transition in a Langmuir Monolayer, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.98, issue.31, pp.7430-7435, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/j100082a005

V. T. Moy, D. J. Keller, H. E. Baub, and H. M. , Long-range molecular orientational order in monolayer solid domains of phospholipid, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.90, issue.14, pp.3198-3202, 1986.
DOI : 10.1021/j100405a030

A. Miller, Diffusion limited growth of crystalline domains in phospholipid monolayers, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.86, issue.7, pp.4258-4265, 1987.
DOI : 10.1063/1.451886

M. Françon, Le contraste de phase en optique et en microscopie, Editions de la revue d'optique théorique et instrumentale, 1950.

V. Dyck, Diffraction and imaging techniques in material science volume I. Electron microscopy, 1978.

K. De-meijere and G. Brezesinski, Möhwald ? Polyelectrolyte coupling to a charged lipid monolayer ? Macromolecules, pp.2337-2342, 1997.

K. De-meijere, G. Brezesinski, and K. Kjaer, Möhwald ? Structure studies in coupled lipid-polyelectrolyte monolayers with diluted charge densities, Langmuir, vol.14, pp.4204-4209, 1998.

J. Daillant and A. Gibaud, X-ray and Neutron reflectivity : Principles and applications, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-88588-7

J. Daillant and . Bélorgey, Surface scattering of x rays in thin films. Part II. Experiments on thin soap films, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.97, issue.8, pp.5837-5843, 1992.
DOI : 10.1063/1.463742

C. Fradin, Daillant ? Scattering of X-rays at liquid interfaces : Experiments and modelling ? (à paraître)

S. K. Sinha, E. B. Sirota, S. Garoff, and E. H. , X-ray and neutron scattering from rough surfaces, Physical Review B, vol.38, issue.4, pp.2297-2311, 1988.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.38.2297

J. Meunier and L. T. , Lee ? Bending Elasticity Measurements of a Surfactant Monolayer by Ellipsometry and X-Ray Reflectivity, Langmuir, vol.7, p.1860, 1991.

F. Muller, M. Delsanti, L. Auvray, J. Yang, Y. J. Chen et al., Guenoun ? Ordering of urchin-like charged copolymer micelles : Electrostatic, packing and polyelectrolyte correlations ? Eur, Phys. J. E, vol.3, pp.45-53, 2000.

M. Drifford and J. P. , Light scattering by dilute solutions of salt-free polyelectrolytes, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.88, issue.22, pp.5368-5375, 1984.
DOI : 10.1021/j150666a052

]. R. Krause, E. E. Maier, M. Deggelmann, M. Hagenbüchle, and S. F. Schultz, Weber ? Static light scattering by solutions of salt-free polyelectrolytes ? Physica A 160, pp.135-147, 1989.

F. Ohnesorge, True Atomic Resolution by Atomic Force Microscopy Through Repulsive and Attractive Forces, Science, vol.260, issue.5113, pp.1451-1456, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.260.5113.1451

N. Sasaki and M. , The Relation between Resonance Curves and Tip-Surface Interaction Potential in Noncontact Atomic-Force Microscopy, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.37, issue.Part 2, No. 5A, pp.533-535, 1998.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.37.L533

L. Nony, R. Boisgard, and J. , Nonlinear dynamical properties of an oscillating tip???cantilever system in the tapping mode, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.111, issue.4, pp.1615-1627, 1999.
DOI : 10.1063/1.479422
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00011145

S. H. Ke and T. Uda, Frequency shift and energy dissipation in non-contact atomic-force microscopy, Applied Surface Science, vol.157, issue.4, pp.361-366, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4332(99)00551-6

J. Tamayo and R. , Deformation, Contact Time, and Phase Contrast in Tapping Mode Scanning Force Microscopy, Langmuir, vol.12, issue.18, pp.4430-4435, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/la960189l

S. S. Sheiko, A. M. Muzafarov, R. G. Winkler, E. V. Getmanova, and G. Eckert, Contact Angle Microscopy on a Carbosilane Dendrimer with Hydroxyl End Groups:?? Method for Mesoscopic Characterization of the Surface Structure, Langmuir, vol.13, issue.15, pp.4172-4181, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/la9609940

J. Hu and X. D. Xiao, Salmeron ? Scanning polarization force microscopy : A technique for imaging liquids and weakly adsorbed layers ? Appl, Phys. Lett, vol.67, pp.476-478, 1995.

F. Rieutord, Wetting Properties at the Submicrometer Scale:?? A Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy Study, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.102, issue.20, pp.3941-3944, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/jp980149l

S. Herminghaus and A. Fery, Imaging of droplets of aqueous solutions by tapping-mode scanning force microscopy, Ultramicroscopy, vol.69, issue.3, pp.211-217, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3991(97)00049-1

T. Pompe and A. Fery, Imaging Liquid Structures on Inhomogeneous Surfaces by Scanning Force Microscopy, Langmuir, vol.14, issue.10, pp.2585-2588, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/la971262q

A. Krame, T. Hartmann, and R. Eschrich, Scanning near-field fluorescence microscopy of thin organic films at the water/air interface, Ultramicroscopy, vol.71, issue.1-4, pp.123-132, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3991(97)00056-9

P. Fontaine and P. Guenoun, A critical look at surface force measurement using a commercial atomic force microscope in the noncontact mode, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.68, issue.11, pp.4145-4151, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1148359

G. Leveque, P. Girard, and S. Belaidi, Effects of air damping in noncontact resonant force microscopy, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.68, issue.11, pp.4137-4144, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1148358

H. E. Ries and W. A. Kimball, Monolayer Structure as Revealed by Electron Microscopy, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.59, issue.1, p.94, 1955.
DOI : 10.1021/j150523a028