The XXL Survey

M. Ricci (1, 2) , R. Adam (3) , D. Eckert (4) , P. Ade (5) , P. André (6) , A. Andrianasolo (7) , B. Altieri (8) , H. Aussel (6) , A. Beelen (9) , C. Benoist (10) , A. Benoît (11) , S. Berta (12) , A. Bideaud (13) , M. Birkinshaw (14) , O. Bourrion (15) , D. Boutigny (2) , M. Bremer (14) , M. Calvo (16) , A. Cappi (17) , L. Chiappetti (18) , A. Catalano (15) , M. de Petris (19) , F.-X. Désert (7) , S. Doyle (5) , E. F. C. Driessen (12) , L. Faccioli (6) , C. Ferrari (20) , S. Fotopoulou (4, 21) , F. Gastaldello (18) , P. Giles (14) , A. Gomez (22) , J. Goupy (11) , O. Hahn (1) , C. Horellou (23) , F. Kéruzoré (15) , E. Koulouridis (6) , C. Kramer (24, 12) , B. Ladjelate (6) , G. Lagache (25) , S. Leclercq (12) , J.-F. Lestrade (26) , J. F. Macías-Pérez (15) , B. Maughan (27) , S. Maurogordato (10) , P. Mauskopf (5) , A. Monfardini (11) , F. Pacaud (28) , L. Perotto (15) , M. Pierre (6) , G. Pisano , E. Pompei (29) , N. Ponthieu (7) , V. Revéret (6) , A. Ritacco (30) , C. Romero (12) , H. Roussel (31) , F. Ruppin (15) , M. Sánchez Portal (32) , K. Schuster (12) , M. Sereno (33) , S. Shu (12) , A. Sievers (24) , C. Tucker (5) , K. Umetsu (34)

1 LAGRANGE - Joseph Louis LAGRANGE
2 LAPP - Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules
3 LLR - Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet
4 UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva
5 Cardiff University
6 AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation
7 IPAG - Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
8 Herschel Science Centre
9 IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale
10 OCA - Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur
11 NEEL - HELFA - Hélium : du fondamental aux applications
12 IRAM - Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique
13 Astronomy Instrumentation [Cardiff]
14 University of Bristol [Bristol]
15 LPSC - Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie
16 NEEL - Cryo - Cryogénie
17 OAC - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
18 OAM - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Milano
19 UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]
20 UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur
21 Durham University
22 CAB - Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid]
23 Chalmers University of Technology [Gothenburg, Sweden]
24 IRAM - Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica
25 LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
26 OP - Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris
27 USU - Utah State University
28 UKB - Universitätsklinikum Bonn
29 ESO - European Southern Observatory
30 Astrophysique
31 IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
32 Herschel Science Center [Madrid]
33 OABO - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna
34 ASIAA - Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics

High-mass clusters at low redshifts have been intensively studied at various wavelengths. However, while more distant objects at lower masses constitute the bulk population of future surveys, their physical state remain poorly explored to date. In this paper, we present resolved observations of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect, obtained with the NIKA2 camera, towards the cluster of galaxies XLSSC 102, a relatively low-mass system (M500 ∼ 2 × 1014 M⊙) at z = 0.97 detected from the XXL survey. We combine NIKA2 SZ data, XMM-Newton X-ray data, and Megacam optical data to explore, respectively, the spatial distribution of the gas electron pressure, the gas density, and the galaxies themselves. We find significant offsets between the X-ray peak, the SZ peak, the brightest cluster galaxy, and the peak of galaxy density. Additionally, the galaxy distribution and the gas present elongated morphologies. This is interpreted as the sign of a recent major merging event, which induced a local boost of the gas pressure towards the north of XLSSC 102 and stripped the gas out of the galaxy group. The NIKA2 data are also combined with XXL data to construct the thermodynamic profiles of XLSSC 102, obtaining relatively tight constraints up to about ∼r500, and revealing properties that are typical of disturbed systems. We also explore the impact of the cluster centre definition and the implication of local pressure substructure on the recovered profiles. Finally, we derive the global properties of XLSSC 102 and compare them to those of high-mass-and-low-redshift systems, finding no strong evidence for non-standard evolution. We also use scaling relations to obtain alternative mass estimates from our profiles. The variation between these different mass estimates reflects the difficulty to accurately measure the mass of low-mass clusters at z ∼ 1, especially with low signal-to-noise ratio data and for a disturbed system. However, it also highlights the strength of resolved SZ observations alone and in combination with survey-like X-ray data. This is promising for the study of high redshift clusters from the combination of eROSITA and high resolution SZ instruments and will complement the new generation of optical surveys from facilities such as LSST and Euclid.

Mots clés: techniques: high angular resolution; galaxies: clusters: individual: XLSSC 102; galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium; X-rays: galaxies: clusters

Domaines: Astrophysique [astro-ph]

M. Ricci, R. Adam, D. Eckert, P. Ade, P. André, et al.. The XXL Survey: XLIV. Sunyaev-Zel’dovich mapping of a low-mass cluster at z ∼ 1: a multi-wavelength approach. Astronomy and Astrophysics - A&A, 2020, 642, pp.A126. ⟨10.1051/0004-6361/201937249⟩. ⟨hal-02966422⟩