Tourism, Growth and integration in the world economy : contributions of the concept of development durable
Tourisme, croissance et intégration dans l'économie mondiale : les apports du concept de développement durable
Résumé
For two decades, tourism has continued as a major activity in the world trade. Many parameters reveal the importance of it: tourist flows would currently account for 11% of the world GDP, with growth rates particularly high in the transition and developing countries.
The importance of tourism as a creative industry of employment, currencies and growth in the developing countries was recently recognized. Nevertheless, in spite of its stimulative repercussions on the economic growth, the experiment, corroborated by many theoretical and empirical works, shows that tourist specialization can not avoid the risks and perverse effects.
Admittedly, tourism exerts effects positively on the balance of payments, employment and the production, at least at the macroeconomk level. In addition, it can effect heavily negative on the environment and compromise the prospects for a durable development. Moreover, tourist specialization can often block the regional development, while leading to processes of disindustrialization and retreat of the productive activities. In several countries, the ambiguous or dubious repercussions of the tourist growth were often observed: 1) monopolistic prevalence of the tour operators who sell stereotyped images, through homogeneous products and without diversification of the offer; 2) a geographically concentrated tourist growth, strongly consuming resources and destroying of the ecosystems; 3) the process of social exclusion will effect on local populations, which often marginalized or confined in activities with low wages. Our research uses various conceptual instruments, mainly borrowed from the international economy and econometrics. The results of our work are articulated around two axes constitutive of two distinct parts :
1) Determinants and impacts of international tourism on the growth.
In this first part, on the basis of study empirico-statistics mainly in terms of data of panel, we evaluate the significance of tourist specialization by reference in particular to the concept of comparative advantage. We present two series of work which are supply side and demand side, while referring to us by using the substrates of the theories of the international trade, in the context of the increase of the economic services. Respectly. our research gives a priority attention to the Southeast Asia tourism.
2) Growth, exploitation of the resources and durable development.
Tourism is often considered as an efficient factor of local development, because it exerts linkage and multiplication effects. However, this optimistic point of view must be moderate, it also creates the existence of many leakage effects to the detriment of productive fabrics and of repercussions on the environment. According to this research, by borrowing the concept marshallien of "industrial district" and on the basis of modeling in terms of general balance, we would like to show that tourist specialization can generate, at least at the local level such as the situations of" immiserizing growth", with an aggravation of the structural underemployment, a drop of the productions and an exhaustion of the natural resources. In conclusion, our research without disputing the socio-economic utility of tourism leads us to formulate moderate diagnoses and forecast the prudence on a phenomenon whose importance will still continue more in the developing and transition countries during next decades.
The importance of tourism as a creative industry of employment, currencies and growth in the developing countries was recently recognized. Nevertheless, in spite of its stimulative repercussions on the economic growth, the experiment, corroborated by many theoretical and empirical works, shows that tourist specialization can not avoid the risks and perverse effects.
Admittedly, tourism exerts effects positively on the balance of payments, employment and the production, at least at the macroeconomk level. In addition, it can effect heavily negative on the environment and compromise the prospects for a durable development. Moreover, tourist specialization can often block the regional development, while leading to processes of disindustrialization and retreat of the productive activities. In several countries, the ambiguous or dubious repercussions of the tourist growth were often observed: 1) monopolistic prevalence of the tour operators who sell stereotyped images, through homogeneous products and without diversification of the offer; 2) a geographically concentrated tourist growth, strongly consuming resources and destroying of the ecosystems; 3) the process of social exclusion will effect on local populations, which often marginalized or confined in activities with low wages. Our research uses various conceptual instruments, mainly borrowed from the international economy and econometrics. The results of our work are articulated around two axes constitutive of two distinct parts :
1) Determinants and impacts of international tourism on the growth.
In this first part, on the basis of study empirico-statistics mainly in terms of data of panel, we evaluate the significance of tourist specialization by reference in particular to the concept of comparative advantage. We present two series of work which are supply side and demand side, while referring to us by using the substrates of the theories of the international trade, in the context of the increase of the economic services. Respectly. our research gives a priority attention to the Southeast Asia tourism.
2) Growth, exploitation of the resources and durable development.
Tourism is often considered as an efficient factor of local development, because it exerts linkage and multiplication effects. However, this optimistic point of view must be moderate, it also creates the existence of many leakage effects to the detriment of productive fabrics and of repercussions on the environment. According to this research, by borrowing the concept marshallien of "industrial district" and on the basis of modeling in terms of general balance, we would like to show that tourist specialization can generate, at least at the local level such as the situations of" immiserizing growth", with an aggravation of the structural underemployment, a drop of the productions and an exhaustion of the natural resources. In conclusion, our research without disputing the socio-economic utility of tourism leads us to formulate moderate diagnoses and forecast the prudence on a phenomenon whose importance will still continue more in the developing and transition countries during next decades.
Depuis deux décennies, le tourisme s'est affirmé comme une activité majeure dans les échanges mondiaux. De nombreux paramètres en révèlent l'importance : les flux touristiques représenteraient actuellement 11% du PIB mondial, avec des taux de croissance particulièrement élevés dans les pays en développement et en transition. L'importance du tourisme en tant qu'industrie créatrice d'emplois, de devises et de croissance dans les pays en développement n'a été reconnue que récemment. Néanmoins, malgré ses retombées stimulantes sur la croissance économique, l'expérience, corroborée par de nombreux travaux théoriques et empiriques, montre que la spécialisation touristique n'est pas exempte de risques et d'effets pervers. Certes, le tourisme exerce des effets positifs sur la balance des paiements, sur l'emploi et sur la production, du moins au niveau macroéconomique. Mais il peut par ailleurs exercer des effets lourdement négatifs sur l'environnement et compromettre les perspectives d'un développement durable. En outre, la spécialisation touristique peut souvent entraver le développement régional, en conduisant à des processus de désîndustrialisation et de recul des activités productives. Dans plusieurs pays, les retombées ambiguës ou incertaines de la croissance touristique ont souvent été observées : 1 ) la prédominance monopolistique des tour-opérateurs qui vendent des images stéréotypées, à travers des produits homogènes et sans diversification de l'offre ; 2) une croissance touristique géographiquement concentrée, fortement consommatrice de ressources et destructrice des écosystèmes ; 3) des processus d'exclusion sociale à l'égard de populations locales, souvent marginalisées ou confinées dans des activités à bas salaires, Notre recherche utilise différents instruments conceptuels, majoritairement empruntés à l'économie internationale et à l'ëconométrie. Les résultats de nos travaux s'articulent autour de deux axes constitutifs de deux parties distinctes :1)Déterminants et impacts du tourisme international sur la croissance, Dans cette première partie, sur la base principalement d'études empirico-statistiques en termes de données de panel, nous évaluons la signification de la spécialisation touristique par référence notamment au concept d'avantage comparatif Nous présentons deux séries de travaux de nature supply side et demand side, en nous référant préalablement aux substrats des théories du commerce international, dans le contexte d'un essor mondial de l'économie des services. A cet égard, nos recherches accordent une attention prioritaire à l'Asie du Sud-Est 2) Croissance touristique, exploitation des ressources et développement durable. Le tourisme est souvent perçu comme un facteur efficient de développement local, dans la mesure où il exerce des effets de liaison et de multiplication. Cependant, ce point de vue optimiste doit être tempéré, compte tenu de l'existence de nombreux effets de déperdition au détriment des tissus productifs et de retombées sur l'environnement. Dans la lignée de nombreux travaux, en empruntant au concept marshallien de << district industriel » et sur la base de modélisations en termes d'équilibre général, nous démontrons que la spécialisation touristique peut engendrer, au moins au niveau local, des situations de « croissance appauvrissante », avec une aggravation du sous-emploi structurel, un recul des productions et un épuisement des ressources naturelles. En conclusion, nos recherches, sans contester Futilité socio-économique du tourisme, nous amènent à formuler des diagnostics nuancés et des pronostics de prudence sur un phénomène dont l'importance s'affirmera encore davantage dans les pays en développement et en transition au cours des prochaines décennies.